Works Cited

Introductory Paragraph:

“History of Europe.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 29 Oct. 2024, www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Europe.

"The Late Middle Ages ." Middle Ages Reference Library. . Encyclopedia.com. Dec. 2024 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.

Feudalism Paragraph:

Cartwright, Mark. “Feudalism.” World History Encyclopedia, https://www.worldhistory.org#organization, 31 July 2024, www.worldhistory.org/Feudalism/.

Castles:

Guilmartin, Jhon. “The Castle.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 22 Oct. 2024, www.britannica.com/technology/military-technology/The-castle.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "castle". Encyclopedia Britannica, 7 Nov. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/technology/castle-architecture.  Accessed 8 November 2024.

Brauer, Jurgen, and Hubert Tuyll. “Castles, Battles, and Bombs.” Castles, Battles, and Bombs: How Economics Explains Military History by Jurgen Brauer and Hubert van Tuyll, an Excerpt, 2009, press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/071633.html.

Lyons, Ron, et al. “Anatomy of a Castle.” Great Castles - Anatomy of a Castle, 2024, great-castles.com/anatomy.html#:~:text=Medieval%20castles%20were%20built%20for,as%20part%20of%20its%20defenses.

Root. “Stone Keep Castles.” History, 9 Apr. 2018, www.historyonthenet.com/stone-keep-castles#.  

Ghidrai, George. “One of the Major High Points in Medieval Military Architecture.” What Made Concentric Castles Amazing Medieval Fortresses?, 2024, www.castlesworld.com/tools/concentric-castles.php.  

Cartwright, Mark. “The Impact of the Norman Conquest of England.” World History Encyclopedia, https://www.worldhistory.org#organization, 7 Nov. 2024, www.worldhistory.org/article/1323/the-impact-of-the-norman-conquest-of-england/.  

“Medieval Castles.” The National Archives, The National Archives, 22 Dec. 2023, www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/medieval-castles/#:~:text=In%20their%20infancy%2C%20castles%20were,of%20the%20castle%20was%20paramount.

“Motte-and-Bailey Castles.” Castellogy, 25 Aug. 2023, castellogy.com/architecture/architectural-terms/motte-and-bailey-introduction. 

Weaponry:

Bangerter, Olivier. “The Swiss Pike: The Weapon, Tactics and Countermeasures.” Medieval Warfare, vol. 5, no. 1, 2015, pp. 44–48. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/48578417. Accessed 22 Oct. 2024.

Barzun, Jacques , Salmon, John Hearsey McMillan , Frassetto, Michael , Aubin, Hermann , Herrin, Judith Eleanor , Mayne, Richard J. , Peters, Edward , Sørensen, Marie-Louise Stig , Stearns, Peter N. , Herlihy, David , Treasure, Geoffrey Russell Richards , Parker, N. Geoffrey , Weinstein, Donald and Champion, Timothy C.. "history of Europe". Encyclopedia Britannica, 29 Oct. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Europe. Accessed 3 December 2024.

Brunner, Jean-Claude. “The Halberd: The Swiss Weapon of Choice.” Medieval Warfare, vol. 3, no. 5, 2013, pp. 39–42. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/48578277. Accessed 29 Oct. 2024.

Clements, John. “Swords against Armour: Part I: Rings of Steel.” Medieval Warfare, vol. 1, no. 1, 2011, pp. 48–52. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/48579327. Accessed 29 Oct. 2024.

Cohen , Eliot  A. “Medieval Strategy.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., www.britannica.com/topic/strategy-military/Medieval-strategy. Accessed 21 Oct. 2024. 

Halberd: Cleveland Museum of Art, The Cleveland Museum of Art, www.clevelandart.org/art/1916.1559. Accessed 21 Oct. 2024. 

“Normans.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., www.britannica.com/topic/Norman-people. Accessed 21 Oct. 2024.

“Warfare in Western Medieval Europe in the Central Middle Ages.” Swansea University, Swansea University, www.swansea.ac.uk/history/history-study-guides/warfare-in-western-europe-in-the-central-middle-ages/. Accessed 21 Oct. 2024

Watermills:

The Influence of Water Mills on Medieval Society.; Science and Its Times, edited by Neil

Schlager and Josh Lauer, vol. 2, Gale, 2001. Gale In Context: World History,

link.gale.com/apps/doc/CV2643450156/WHIC?u=va_s_068_0330&amp;sid=bookmar

k-WHIC&amp;xid=ced18ea1. Accessed 24 Oct. 2024.

“Geography, Landscape and Mills.” Medieval Technology and American History - in-Depth

Articles - Geography, Landscape and Mills,

www.engr.psu.edu/mtah/photos/articles/geography_landscape_mills.htm.

Accessed 24 Oct. 2024.

Illuminated Manuscripts:

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Fashion:

 “Gale - Institution Finder.” Gale.com, 2024,

go.gale.com/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=Reference&amp;resultListType=RESULT_LIST&amp;searchRe

sultsType=SingleTab&amp;retrievalId=5bbb7187-b929-46e6-8807-

281fe50a4bb3&amp;hitCount=2716&amp;searchType=BasicSearchForm. Accessed 28 Oct.

2024.‌

“Fashion Choices Affect Culture and Attitudes — the Threefold Advocate.” Jbu.edu,

John Brown University, 29 Oct. 2014, advocate.jbu.edu/2014/10/29/fashion-choices-

affect-culture-and-attitudes.