Work Cited

• Figure one

• Figure two

• Figure three

• Figure four

• Figure five

• Figure six

•  Figure seven

Time line:

Black death pandemic: LP

• Source used: “Black Death | Plague, Death Toll, Definition, Cause, Symptoms, Effects, & Facts | Britannica.” Britannica, www.britannica.com/event/Black-Death. Accessed 3 Dec. 2025. 

• Picture

The fall of Constantinople: LP

• Source used: Fall of Constantinople | Facts, Summary, & Significance | Britannica, www.britannica.com/event/Fall-of-Constantinople-1453. Accessed 3 Dec. 2025.

• Constantinople point: Medievalists.net. “Top Ten Most Important Cities in the Medieval World.” Medievalists.Net, 4 Sept. 2022, www.medievalists.net/2021/09/most-important-cities-medieval-world/.

• Tours & Sicily point: https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1rTcwDqYqvnqx2kmqiHmAZvoiV88Qlc7PYwKM4A5OS9U/edit?slide=id.p#slide=id.p

• Florence point:https://smarthistory.org/introduction-to-the-middle-ages/ https://www.medievalists.net/2024/03/eyeglasses-arrival-how-immigrants-transformed-medieval-englands-vision/ https://www.medievalchronicles.com/medieval-history/medieval-inventions-list/eyeglasses/ https://medievallondon.ace.fordham.edu/exhibits/show/medieval-london-objects/spectacles

• Paris point:https://www.medievalists.net/2021/09/most-important-cities-medieval-world/ 

• Figure 1

•  Figure 2

• Figure 3

• Figure 4

• “Illuminated Manuscripts.” State Library of New South Wales, www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/illuminated-manuscripts. Accessed 30 Sept. 2025. 

• “Illuminated Manuscripts · V&A.” Victoria and Albert Museum, www.vam.ac.uk/articles/illuminated-manuscripts?srsltid=AfmBOoqFrscLmctK3ZqNbi1r5QmlRbsTxlJAu2eHYn494_sBWmQhItCl. Accessed 30 Sept. 2025. 

• Jones, Susan. “Manuscript Illumination in Northern Europe - the Metropolitan Museum of Art.” Metmuseum.org, Oct. 2002, www.metmuseum.org/essays/manuscript-illumination-in-northern-e urope.

• “Painting in Gold and Silver.” COLOUR: The Art and Science of Illuminated Manuscripts, 2021, colour-illuminated.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/explore/painting-in-gold-and-silver. Accessed 16 Oct. 2025.

• Figure 1 

• Figure 2

• Figure 3 

• Figure 4

• Figure 5 

• Figure 6

• James, M. (2018, December 22). Medieval eyeglasses: Invention, use & impact on vision in the Middle Ages. Medieval Chronicles. https://www.medievalchronicles.com/medieval-history/medieval-inventions-list/eyeglasses/ Accessed 10 Sept. 2025

• Ancken, V. (2017). Spectacles  Medieval London objects  medieval London. Medieval Chronicles; Omeka. https://medievallondon.ace.fordham.edu/exhibits/show/medieval-london-objects/spectacles Accessed 10 Sept. 2025

• Miller, J. J. (2023b, December 9). The Story of Eyeglasses from the Middle Ages to my Face this Week. MILLER’S BOOK REVIEW 📚. https://www.millersbookreview.com/p/eyeglasses-medieval-invention Accessed 10 Sept. 2025

• Safety, M. (2024). Vision through time: The history and impact of eyeglasses — MSC Industrial Supply. MSC Direct. https://www.mscdirect.com/knowledge-center/articles/vision-through-time-history-and-impact-eyeglasses Accessed 10 Sept. 2025

• Figure 1

• Figure 2

• Figure 3

• Figure 4

• Figure 5

• Figure 6

• Hotson, Howard. “The mechanical clock: origin and purpose.” cabinet, cabinet, May 2024, https://www.cabinet.ox.ac.uk/mechanical-clock-origin-and-purpose. Accessed 1 October 2025.

• Lienhard, John H., and Mike Helfrich. “The First Mechanical Clocks | The Engines of Our Ingenuity.” The Engines of Our Ingenuity, University of Houston, https://engines.egr.uh.edu/episode/1506. Accessed 1 October 2025.

• Museo Galileo. Mechanical Clocks. Video. Institute and Museum of the History of Science, 28 January 2008.

• Whitrow, G. J. “Time in History.” https://books.google.com/books?id=o8Nb5KLBxVQC&lpg=PA104&pg=PA105#v=onepage&q&f=false, Thames & Hudson. Accessed 14 October 2025.

• Figure 1

• Figure 2

• Figure 3

• Dan. Facts About the English Longbow. January 18 January 2016, https://dandavisauthor.com/facts-about-the-english-longbow/#:~:text=Famously%20made%20of%20yew.,examples%20in%20Danish%20peat%20bogs. Accessed October 2 October 2025.\

• Moore, John. Medieval Archery-The longbow. John Moore museum, August 17 August 2021, https://www.johnmooremuseum.org/medieval-archery-the-longbow/. Accessed September 26 September 2025.

• Kaiser, Robert E. The Medieval English Longbow: Characteristics and Origin. Spring 1976, https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/theses/821/. Accessed September 26 September 2025.

• Cybulskie, Daniele. Why was the longbow so effective? https://www.medievalists.net/2015/10/why-was-the-longbow-so-effective/. Accessed September 26 September 2025.