Embedded Files
Home Page
Home Page
Background Information - https://www.britannica.com/topic/Inca
Inca's Importance - https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/inca-civilization
Image 1 - https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1506/ten-facts-you-need-to-know-about-the-inca/
Image 2 - https://www.gastronosfera.com/tendencias/el-chuno-la-patata-momificada-comestible-y-eterna
Image 4 -https://hyperallergic.com/unraveling-the-lost-inca-language-of-knots/
Image 6 - https://www.peruetico.com/it/la-mummia-junita-arequipa/
Image 7 - https://news.miami.edu/stories/2018/06/holes-in-the-head.html
Image 8 - https://www.history.com/
Image 9 - https://www.incatrailmachu.com/en/
Image 10 - https://www.livescience.com/41346-the-incas-history-of-andean-empire.html
Image 11 - https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/
Timeline
Timeline Image 1 - https://www.adventure-life.com/peru/articles/mountains-of-peru
Timeline Image 2 - https://www.rainforestcruises.com/guides/a-brief-history-of-cusco-peru
Timeline Image 3 - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Inka_Chanka_war_on_Mural_of_the_History_of_Cusco.jpg
Timeline Image 4 - https://www.nathab.com/blog/incredible-inca-interesting-facts-ancient-civilization
Timeline Image 5 - https://historyguild.org/the-inca/?srsltid=AfmBOoo3gUizQWoeRXuNpD34mdgSiD1bGVf8QztyfkYjraaUSiiSUmAz
Timeline Image 6 - https://www.livescience.com/22869-machu-picchu.html
Timeline Image 7 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peru_-_Tupac_Yupanqui_XI,_Inca_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg
Timeline Image 8 - https://historiaperuana.pe/biografia/huayna-capac
Timeline Image 9 - https://www.ancient-origins.net/history-important-events/war-two-brothers-division-and-downfall-inca-empire-004745
Timeline Image 10 - https://www.worldhistory.org/article/915/pizarro--the-fall-of-the-inca-empire/
Timeline Image 11 - https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/november-16/pizarro-traps-incan-emperor-atahualpa
Timeline Image 12 - https://kenkoadventures.com/blog/spanish-conquest-of-the-inca-empire
Freeze Drying Food
Freeze Drying Food
Works Cited
Works Cited
Cartwright, Mark. “Inca Food & Agriculture.” World History Encyclopedia, 7 Feb. 2015, www.worldhistory.org/article/792/inca-food--agriculture/. Accessed 27 Oct. 2025.
Jarus, Owen. “The Inca Empire.” Live Science, 5 Nov. 2018, www.livescience.com/41346-the-incas-history-of-andean-empire.html. Accessed 7 Oct. 2025.
Lost Crops of the Incas. Washington, D.C., National Academies Press, 1 Jan. 1989, www.nap.edu/read/1398/chapter/1. Accessed 6 Oct. 2025.
Mann, Charles C. “How the Potato Changed the World.” Smithsonian Magazine, Nov. 2011, www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-potato-changed-the-world-108470605/?all. Accessed 3 Oct. 2025.
Merriman, Carol, et al. Machu Picchu: Unveiling the Mystery of the Incas. 2003.
Romero, Simon. “A Space-Age Food Product Cultivated by the Incas.” The New York Times, 10 Aug. 2016, www.nytimes.com/2016/08/11/world/what-in-the-world/andes-incas-chuno.html. Accessed 3 Oct. 2025.
Simpkins, Kirsty. “Cool Inventions: How the Incas Gave Us Freeze-Drying.” Mayorga Coffee, 6 Dec. 2022, mayorgacoffee.com/blogs/news/the-incas-freeze-drying?srsltid=AfmBOoqvJUFBXhFpg1H9nC56ltH779QxTvmAZAcRULkLoiZDOK64KYLL. Accessed 3 Oct. 2025.
Photos
Header Image - https://www.livescience.com/45838-potato-nutrition.html
Image 2 - https://blog.amigofoods.com/index.php/peruvian-foods/chuno/
Image 4 - https://warhistory.org/es/@msw/article/the-inca-empire-at-its-greatest
Images 5 and 6 - https://www.salkantaytrekking.com/blog/conserving-inca-food-agriculture-cusco-peru/
Image 7 - https://www.livescience.com/41346-the-incas-history-of-andean-empire.html
Image 8 - https://www.worldhistory.org/article/792/inca-food--agriculture/
Image 9 - https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/11/world/what-in-the-world/andes-incas-chuno.html
Suspension Bridge
Suspension Bridge
Sewell, Abby. “Photos of the Last Incan Suspension Bridge in Peru.” National Geographic, 31 Aug. 2018, www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/inca-grass-rope-bridge-qeswachaka-unesco. Accessed 25 Sept. 2025.
Gade, Daniel W. “Bridge Types in the Central Andes.” Annals of the Association of
American Geographers, vol. 62, no. 1, 1972, pp. 94–109. JSTOR,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2562166. Accessed 16 Sept. 2025.
Valdez, Lidio, and Cirilo Vivanco. “Peru’s Incan Rope Bridges Are Hanging by a Thread.” SAPIENS, 9 Aug. 2021, www.sapiens.org/archaeology/inca-rope-bridge/. Accessed 25 Sept. 2025.
Dall, Nick. “A Closer Look at Inca Rope Bridges.” Www.saexpeditions.com, 31 May 2016, www.saexpeditions.com/blog/post/a-closer-look-at-inca-rope-bridges. Accessed 29 Sept. 2025.
Cacciuttolo, C., Muñoz, E., Sotil (2025). Technological Evolution of Architecture,
Engineering, Construction, and Structural Health Monitoring of Bridges in Peru: History, Challenges, and Opportunities. Applied Sciences (2076 - 3417), 15(2), 831 https://doi.org/10.3390/app15020831
Yu, Xiangdong, et al. “Effects of Expansion Devices and Dampers on Additional Forces in a
Suspension Bridge.” Advances in Structural Engineering, vol 28, no 7, May 2025, pp. 1301-15. EBSCOhost, https://doi.org/10.1177/13694332241307731.
Schobinger, Juan. “Sacrifices of the High Andes.” Natural History, vol. 100, no. 4, 1 Apr.
1991, pp. 62–68. Environment Complete, EBSCOhost.
This article talks about the Andes Mountains and how brutal they can be to travelers.
Hemming, John. “PIZARRO: Conqueror of the Inca.” National Geographic, vol. 181, no. 2,
Feb. 1992, p. 90. EBSCOhost, research.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=dd132d6b-7f8e-35fa-89ca-ecb0512a3224.
This article provides information about how the Inca Empire was taken over by Francisco Pizarro.
Photos
Banner Photo - https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/inca-grass-rope-bridge-qeswachaka-unesco
Image 1 - https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20241206-the-last-inca-bridge-master
Image 2 - https://greg-willis.com/2017/chinchero/
Image 3 - https://www.worldhistory.org/article/915/pizarro--the-fall-of-the-inca-empire/
Image 5 - https://www.incatrailmachu.com/en/travel-blog/inca-bridge-facts
Image 6 - https://www.sapiens.org/archaeology/inca-rope-bridge/
Image 7 - https://www.incatrailmachu.com/en/
Image 8 - https://andeanlodges.com/
Image 9 - https://www.bbc.com/
Quipus
Quipus
Works Cited
cartwright, Mark. “Quipu.” World History Encyclopedia, 8 May 2014, www.worldhistory.org/Quipu/ Accessed 3 Oct. 2025.
Cossins, Daniel. “We Thought the Incas Couldn’t Write. These Knots Change Everything.” New Scientist, 26 Sept. 2018, www.newscientist.com/article/mg23931972-600-we-thought-the-incas-couldnt-write-these-knots-change-everything Accessed 20 Oct. 2025.
Fiveash, Julie. “Long before the W-2, There Was the Quipu: Accounting Systems of Incan and Andean Peoples.” Harvard Library, 12 Apr. 2023, library.harvard.edu/about/news/2023-04-12/long-w-2-there-was-quipu-accounting-systems-incan-and-andean-peoples Accessed 3 Oct. 2025.
Mark, Joshua J. “Ten Facts You Need to Know about the Inca.” World History Encyclopedia, 19 Feb. 2020, www.worldhistory.org/article/1506/ten-facts-you-need-to-know-about-the-inca/. Accessed 3 Oct. 2025.
Milesi-Ferretti, Natascha. “Historic Measures: How Standards and Technology Enabled the Inca Empire to Thrive.” NIST, 21 Sept. 2022, www.nist.gov/blogs/taking-measure/historic-measures-how-standards-and-technology-enabled-inca-empire-thrive.
“Quipu: How Did the Inca Record Information with Cords & Knots?” TheCollector, 9 Oct. 2023, www.thecollector.com/inca-empire-record-information-quipu/ Accessed 20 Oct. 2025.
“Quipus, the Inca Language of Knots.” National Endowment for the Humanities, 2024, www.neh.gov/project/quipus-inca-language-knots Accessed 3 Oct. 2025.
“The Inca.” History Guild, 15 July 2022, historyguild.org/the-inca/?srsltid=AfmBOor5VKtzLKqDXCNeR_tJraAfj8i6ANMEY5Rb7zsCOEaFfWlUgeoM Accessed 7 Oct. 2025.
Thompson, Karen. “The Incas Used Mysterious Stringy Objects Called “Khipus” to Record Data. We Just Got a Step Closer to Understanding Them.” Find an Expert : The University of Melbourne, The Conversation, 12 Nov. 2024, findanexpert.unimelb.edu.au/news/94927-the-incas-used-mysterious-stringy-objects-called-%E2%80%98khipus%E2%80%99-to-record-data.-we-just-got-a-step-closer-to-understanding-them Accessed 20 Oct. 2025.
“Pisac, Archaeological Park.” Cuscoperu.com, CuscoPeru.com, 7 Dec. 2022, www.cuscoperu.com/en/travel/sacred-valley-of-the-incas/archaeological-centers/pisac/.
“Coricancha, the Incas’ Temple of the Sun: A History of Cities in 50 Buildings, Day 3.” The Guardian, 25 Mar. 2015, www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/mar/25/cusco-coricancha-temple-history-cities-50-buildings.
Photos
Main Image: https://www.archeotravelers.com/en/2024/02/11/the-mystery-of-the-quipos-the-knotted-ropes-of-the-incas/
Image 1 - http://www.historyshistories.com/inca-science-innovation--technology-activity.html
Image 2 - https://www.soldemedianochenews.org/messages-in-knots-the-ingenuity-of-the-inca-quipu.html
Image 4-https://u.osu.edu/svoboda.33/quipus/
Image 5-https://www.salkantaytrekking.com/blog/the-art-of-the-quipu/
Image 6- https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2020/02/01/the-mystery-of-quipus-incan-knot-records
Map Image 1- https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/mar/25/cusco-coricancha-temple-history-cities-50-buildings
Map Image 2-https://www.tierrasvivas.com/en/pisac
Road Systems
Road Systems
Cartwright, Mark. “The Inca Road System.” World History Encyclopedia, 8 Sept. 2014, www.worldhistory.org/article/757/the-inca-road-system/. Accessed 3 Oct. 2025.
Communication, in. “The Archaeologist.” The Archaeologist, 27 July 2025, www.thearchaeologist.org/blog/the-role-of-the-inca-road-system-in-communication-and-trade. Accessed 7 Oct. 2025.
Expeditions, Quechuas. “The Inca Road System: Paving the Way to an Empire (2023).” Peru Machupicchu Travel - Peru Tour Packages, 7 May 2023, www.quechuasexpeditions.com/the-inca-road-system-paving-the-way-to-an-empire/. Accessed 3 Oct. 2025.
History.com Editors. “Inca: Empire, Religion & Civilization | HISTORY.” HISTORY, 11 Mar. 2015, www.history.com/articles/inca. Accessed 3 Oct. 2025.
https://www.facebook.com/thoughtcodotcom. “The Inca Controlled Their Empire Just like the Romans Did: Good Roads.” ThoughtCo, Jan. 2019, www.thoughtco.com/inca-empire-road-system-171388. Accessed 3 Oct. 2025.
“Inca Empire: Administration and Infrastructure | Early World Civilizations Class Notes | Fiveable.” Fiveable, 2025, fiveable.me/early-world-civilizations/unit-16/inca-empire-administration-infrastructure/study-guide/XjdIKu0Scpy6JuGU. Accessed 3 Oct. 2025.
“Inca Road System - (Native American History) - Vocab, Definition, Explanations | Fiveable.” Fiveable.me, 2025, fiveable.me/key-terms/native-american-history/inca-road-system. Accessed 3 Oct. 2025.
Birtles, Katie. “The Fascinating History behind Peru’s Humble Potato.” Real Word, 15 Mar. 2020, www.trafalgar.com/real-
word/peruvian-potatoes/. Accessed 7 Nov. 2025.
Civilengineering. “Highways to Empire: The Inca Road System.” Civilengineering-Digital.com, 2016, www.civilengineering-
digital.com/civilengineering/january_2016/MobilePagedArticle.action?articleId=712792#articleId712792. Accessed 7
Nov. 2025.
Cronin, Gina. “Quipu: The Ancient Computer of the Inca Civilization.” Peru for Less, 30 Nov. 2020,
www.peruforless.com/blog/quipu. Accessed 7 Nov. 2025.
Galiani, Sebastian. “Long-Term Effects of the Inca Road.” CEPR, 21 July 2021, cepr.org/voxeu/columns/long-term-effects-
inca-road. Accessed 7 Nov. 2025.
Historyofinformation. “Historyofinformation.” Google.com, 2025, www.google.com/url?
sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofinformation.com%2Fdetail.php%3Fentryid%3D2639&psig=AOvVaw1JW9-
eQBiz8-
dpqUMBp1L8&ust=1762615001770000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBYQjRxqFwoTCMDBw-
iq4JADFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE. Accessed 7 Nov. 2025.
Istock. “IStock.” Istockphoto.com, 2025, www.istockphoto.com/photos/inca-statue. Accessed 7 Nov. 2025.
Learn, Joshua Rapp. “How the Inca Road System Tied Together an Empire and Facilitated Its Fall.” Discover Magazine, 14
Dec. 2020, www.discovermagazine.com/how-the-inca-road-system-tied-together-an-empire-and-facilitated-its-fall-
42086. Accessed 7 Nov. 2025.
Wikipedia Contributors. “Inca Road System.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 2 Dec. 2019,
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_road_system. Accessed 7 Nov. 2025.
WorldHistory. “WorldHistory.” Google.com, 2025, www.google.com/url?
sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Farticle%2F757%2Fthe-inca-road-
system%2F&psig=AOvVaw1JW9-eQBiz8-
dpqUMBp1L8&ust=1762615001770000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBYQjRxqFwoTCMDBw-
iq4JADFQAAAAAdAAAAABAL. Accessed 7 Nov. 2025.
Photos
Image 1 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_road_system
Image 2 - https://www.trafalgar.com/real-word/peruvian-potatoes/
Image 3 - https://www.peruforless.com/blog/quipu
Image 4 - https://www.istockphoto.com/search/2/image-film?phrase=inca+statue
Image 5 - https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?entryid=2639
Image 7 - https://www.worldhistory.org/article/757/the-inca-road-system/
Image 9 - https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/long-term-effects-inca-road
Mummification
Mummification
Sewell, Abby. “Photos of the Last Incan Suspension Bridge in Peru.” National Geographic, 31 Aug. 2018, www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/inca-grass-rope-bridge-qeswachaka-unesco. Accessed 25 Sept. 2025.
Gade, Daniel W. “Bridge Types in the Central Andes.” Annals of the Association of
American Geographers, vol. 62, no. 1, 1972, pp. 94–109. JSTOR,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2562166. Accessed 16 Sept. 2025.
Valdez, Lidio, and Cirilo Vivanco. “Peru’s Incan Rope Bridges Are Hanging by a Thread.” SAPIENS, 9 Aug. 2021, www.sapiens.org/archaeology/inca-rope-bridge/. Accessed 25 Sept. 2025.
Dall, Nick. “A Closer Look at Inca Rope Bridges.” Www.saexpeditions.com, 31 May 2016, www.saexpeditions.com/blog/post/a-closer-look-at-inca-rope-bridges. Accessed 29 Sept. 2025.
Cacciuttolo, C., Muñoz, E., Sotil (2025). Technological Evolution of Architecture,
Engineering, Construction, and Structural Health Monitoring of Bridges in Peru: History, Challenges, and Opportunities. Applied Sciences (2076 - 3417), 15(2), 831 https://doi.org/10.3390/app15020831
Yu, Xiangdong, et al. “Effects of Expansion Devices and Dampers on Additional Forces in a
Suspension Bridge.” Advances in Structural Engineering, vol 28, no 7, May 2025, pp. 1301-15. EBSCOhost, https://doi.org/10.1177/13694332241307731.
Schobinger, Juan. “Sacrifices of the High Andes.” Natural History, vol. 100, no. 4, 1 Apr.
1991, pp. 62–68. Environment Complete, EBSCOhost.
Hemming, John. “PIZARRO: Conqueror of the Inca.” National Geographic, vol. 181, no. 2,
Feb. 1992, p. 90. EBSCOhost, research.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=dd132d6b-7f8e-35fa-89ca-ecb0512a3224.
Photos
Image 1 : https://www.ticketmachupicchu.com/inca-mummies-mallquis/
Image 2 : https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:M%C3%BAmia_Wari_%28358880474%29.jpg
Image 3 : https://www.deviantart.com/hittokiricapkun/art/Inca-Mummies-172858024
Image 4 : https://www.flickr.com/photos/tomas_sobek/23635687553
Image 5 : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca
Image 6 : https://www.history.com/articles/inca-mummies-afterlife
Image 7 : https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/frozen-mummies-of-the-andes/
Image 8 : https://www.thecollector.com/mummies-inca-chinchorro/
Image 9 : https://incasempire.com/
Trepanation
Trepanation
Crouse, Mycaela. “Inca Medicine: Religion, Culture, and Ethnobotany – Writing Anthology.” Central.edu, 2015, central.edu/writing-anthology/2019/05/29/inca-medicine-religion-culture-and-ethnobotany/. Accessed 8 Oct. 2025.
“Incan Doctors Scraped Holes in Skulls with Stone Tools — and the Patients Survived.” CBC, 18 June 2018, www.cbc.ca/radio/quirks/june-16-2018-animals-becoming-nocturnal-cod-comeback-stumbles-and-more-1.4705655/incan-docto
rs-scraped-holes-in-skulls-with-stone-tools-and-the-patients-survived-1.4705674. Accessed 30 Sept. 2025.
"Inca Religion, Arts, and Sciences." Early Civilizations in the Americas Reference Library, edited by Sonia G. Benson, et al., vol. 1: Almanac, Vol. 1, UXL, 2005, pp. 199-220. Gale In Context: High School, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3424400021/SUIC?
u=va_s_039_0072&sid=bookmark-SUIC&xid=7e321979. Accessed 9 Oct. 2025.\
Sanchez, Tiffany. “Trepanation Reveals the Success of the Incas.” ACS, 1 Dec. 2022, www.facs.org/for-medical-professionals/news-publications/news-and-articles/bulletin/2022/november-december-2022-volume-107-issue-11/from-the-archives/.
Wade, Lizzie. “South America’s Inca Civilization Was Better at Skull Surgery than Civil War Doctors.” Www.science.org, 8 June 2018, www.science.org/content/article/south-america-s-inca-civilization-was-better-skull-surgery-civil-war-doctors.
Verano, John W., et al. “The Art and Archaeology of Trepanation in Ancient Peru.” Studies in PreColumbian Art and Archaeology, no. 38, Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University, 2016, pp. i–322, https://doi.org/10.2307/26491155. JSTOR. Accessed 30 Sept. 2025.
Lewis, Ryan. “A Brief History of Cusco Peru - Rainforest Cruises.” Rainforest Cruises, 14 Dec. 2015, www.rainforestcruises.com/guides/a-brief-history-of-cusco-peru. Accessed 3 Dec. 2025.
Photos
Process Image - https://history.mit.edu/events/trepanning-incas-ancient-peruviansurgery-and-americananthropologys-monroe-doctrine
Image 1 -https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/04/ancient-peruvian-was-buried-with-tools-for-cranial-surgery/
Image 2 - https://peruvian-sunrise.com/blog/benefits-coca-leaves
Image 3 - https://piechartmaker.co/
Image 4- https://www.worldhistory.org/article/915/pizarro--the-fall-of-the-inca-empire/
Image 5 - https://www.innovatorsmag.com/giving-brain-surgeons-a-helping-hand/
Image 7 - https://central.edu/writing-anthology/2019/05/29/inca-medicine-religion-culture-and-ethnobotany/
Map Room
Map Room
Andes Mountains CWT - https://www.livescience.com/27897-andes-mountains.html
Machu Picchu CWT - https://www.history.com/articles/machu-picchu
Cusco MJH - https://www.worldhistory.org/Cuzco/
Cusco Image - https://www.worldtribune.org/2023/city-of-cuzco/
Ollantaytambo MJH - https://www.perurail.com/blog-en/history-of-the-town-of-ollantaytambo/
Ollantaytambo Image - https://trexperienceperu.com/blog/ollantaytambo
Q'eswachaka DSR - https://www.kondorpathtours.com/day-trips/qeswachaka-inca-bridge-tour/
Apurimac River DSR - https://www.cuscotourperu.com/english/destinationsperu4.htm
Qorikancha ARF - https://www.kondorpathtours.com/blog/coricancha-temple-in-cusco/
Pisac ARF - https://www.salkantaytrekmachu.com/en/travel-blog/pisac-ruins-peru
Chinchero EMM - https://peruways.com/discover-the-beauty-and-history-of-chinchero-archaeological-park/
Sacsayhuaman EMM - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sacsayhuam%C3%A1n_Inca_Ruins.jpg
Moray KCC - https://www.peruforless.com/blog/moray
Choquequirao KCC - https://www.apus-peru.com/choquequirao-trek-difficulty/
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