Embedded Files
Home Page
Home Page
Information Citations:
“A Brief Introduction to China.” China-Embassy.gov.cn, 2021, np.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/78077/ybxx/200410/t20041027_1997998.html.
Kiger, Patrick J. “10 Inventions from China’s Han Dynasty That Changed the World | HISTORY.” HISTORY, 20 Sept. 2019, www.history.com/articles/han-dynasty-inventions.
“Mandate of Heaven | ORIAS.” Berkeley.edu, 2025, orias.berkeley.edu/mandate-heaven.
Image Citations:
Title: https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/ancient-china-facts
Image 01: https://webhelper.brown.edu/joukowsky/courses/13things/7687.html
Image 02: https://www.thoughtco.com/the-invention-of-the-wheelbarrow-195264
Map Page
Image Citations:
Image 01: https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/great-wall-china/
Image 02: https://www.reviewofreligions.org/42733/places-of-worship-temple-of-heaven/
Image 03: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Han-dynasty
Image 04: https://www.britannica.com/place/Sichuan
Image 05: https://www.worldhistory.org/Sui_Dynasty/
Image 07: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Forbidden_City_Beijing_%283019178959%29.jpg
Image 08: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:51714-Terracota-Army.jpg
Image 10: https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/culture/2015-11/13/content_22446000.htm
Image 11: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2016-05-21_Luoyang_Longmen_Grottoes_anagoria_13.JPG
Image 12: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:51714-Terracota-Army.jpg
Gunpowder
Information Citations:
Asia for Educators, Columbia University. Song Dynasty China | Asia for Educators. afe.easia.columbia.edu/songdynasty-module/tech-gunpowder.html.
Clementine, and Clementine. “Chinese Gunpowder Invention: History, Usage, Impact.” China Xian Tour: Private & Tailor-Made China Tours - China Xian Tour offers flexible private China tours with the lowest price & best service., 11 Oct. 2025, www.chinaxiantour.com/xian-travel-blog/chinese-gunpowder-invention.html.
Garrett, Richard J. “Gunpowder - 火藥.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch, vol. 61, 2021, pp. 214–21. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/27095441. Accessed 17 Oct. 2025.
Holmes, Robert. “When Was Gunpowder Invented? The History of Gunpowder | TheCollector.” TheCollector, www.thecollector.com/history-of-gunpowder.
Smithsonian’s National Museum of Asian Art. “Tang Dynasty (618–907) - Smithsonian'S National Museum of Asian Art.” Smithsonian’s National Museum of Asian Art, 3 Sept. 2020, asia-archive.si.edu/learn/for-educators/teaching-china-with-the-smithsonian/explore-by-dynasty/tang-dynasty.
Szczepanski, Kallie. “The Invention of Gunpowder: A History.” ThoughtCo, 30 Apr. 2025, thoughtco.com/invention-of-gunpowder-195160.
Whipps, Heather. “How Gunpowder Changed the World.” Live Science, 7 Apr. 2008, www.livescience.com/7476-gunpowder-changed-world.html.
Image Citations:
Image 01: https://jinsuncarbon.com/what-is-carbon-black/
Image 02: https://factsanddetails.com/china/cat2/4sub7/entry-5379.html
Image 03: http://www.china.org.cn/top10/2011-03/04/content_22054243_8.htm
Image 04: https://webhelper.brown.edu/joukowsky/courses/13things/7687.html
Wheelbarrow
Information Citations:
1.“Han Dynasty | Definition, Map, Time Period, Achievements, & Facts | Britannica.” Www.britannica.com, www.britannica.com/topic/Han-dynasty.
2. Lewis, M. J. T. “The Origins of the Wheelbarrow.” Technology and Culture, vol. 35, no. 3, 1994, pp. 453–475, www.jstor.org/stable/3106255?seq=1, https://doi.org/10.2307/3106255.
3. Matthies, Andrea L. “The Medieval Wheelbarrow.” Technology and Culture, vol. 32, no. 2, Apr. 1991, p. 356, https://doi.org/10.2307/3105714. Accessed 8 May 2020.
4. MAYNE, C. “NOTE on the CHINESE WHEELBARROW.” Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, vol. 127, no. 1897, 1 Jan. 1897, pp. 312–314, https://doi.org/10.1680/imotp.1897.19450.
5. Szczepanski, Kallie. “The Invention of the Wheelbarrow.” ThoughtCo, ThoughtCo, 30 Apr. 2015, www.thoughtco.com/the-invention-of-the-wheelbarrow-195264.
6. “The Engines of Our Ingenuity.” Engines.egr.uh.edu, engines.egr.uh.edu/.
Image Citations:
Title: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Great_Wall_of_China_at_Jinshanling-edit.jpg
Image 01: http://www.thoughtco.com/the-invention-of-the-wheelbarrow-195264
Image 02: http://www.britannica.com/topic/Han-dynasty
Image 03: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wooden_ox
Image 04: https://thegardenhistory.blog/2015/02/28/the-wheelbarrow-a-weapon-of-war/
Image 05: https://www.cadnav.com/3d-models/model-44399.html#google_vignette
The Suspension Bridge
Information Citations:
“NOVA Online | Secrets of Lost Empires | China Bridge | Nature’s Miracle Material (2).” Www.pbs.org, www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/lostempires/china/miracle2.html.
“NOVA Online | Secrets of Lost Empires | China Bridge | Suspension Bridge.” Www.pbs.org, www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/lostempires/china/meetsusp.html.
“Suspension Bridge Facts for Kids.” Kids.kiddle.co, kids.kiddle.co/Suspension_bridge.
Image Citations:
Title: https://fcracer.com/dujiangyan-sichuan-province-china/
Image 02: https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/vine-bridges-japan
Image 03: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Rafael_Urdaneta_Bridge
Image 04: https://www.visittheusa.com/experience/celebrate-golden-age-golden-gate-bridge
The Civil Service System
The Civil Service System
Information Citations:
Elman, Benjamin A. “Imperial Politics and Confucian Societies in Late Imperial China: The Hanlin and Donglin Academies.” Modern China, vol. 15, no. 4, 1989, pp. 379–418, www.jstor.org/stable/189239.
---. “Political, Social, and Cultural Reproduction via Civil Service Examinations in Late Imperial China.” The Journal of Asian Studies, vol. 50, no. 1, 1991, pp. 7–28, www.jstor.org/stable/2057472?seq=10#metadata_info_tab_contents, https://doi.org/10.2307/2057472.
Fish, Carl R. “Google Books.” Google.com, 2019, www.google.com/books/edition/The_Civil_Service_and_the_Patronage/6CEIAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=civil+service+in+ancient+ch&pg=PA1&printsec=frontcover&safe=active. Accessed 10 Dec. 2025.
Gabrielian, Vatche. Public Voices. https://www.publicvoices.us/_files/ugd/d3a2e5_de189b9b4f8148d2984eee036726f20d.pdf#page=26
O’Sullivan, Barry, and Liying Cheng. “Lessons from the Chinese Imperial Examination System.” Language Testing in Asia, vol. 12, no. 1, 17 Nov. 2022, languagetestingasia.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40468-022-00201-5, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40468-022-00201-5.
Image Citations:
Title: https://www.elephango.com/index.cfm/pg/k12learning/lcid/13092/Ancient_Civilizations:_China
Image 01: https://www.theworldofchinese.com/2021/06/three-famous-chinese-imperial-examination-cheats/
The Seismograph
Information Citations:
Ben‐Menahem. “A Concise History of Mainstream Seismology: Origins, Legacy, and Perspectives.” Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 85, no. 4, 1 Aug. 1995, pp. 1202–1225, https://doi.org/10.1785/bssa0850041202.
Hong Sen Yan, and Kuo Hung Hsiao. The Development of Ancient Earthquake Instruments. 1 Jan. 2006, https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2006-99107. Accessed 1 Apr. 2024.
“Seismometers | EBSCO.” EBSCO Information Services, Inc. | Www.ebsco.com, 2022, www.ebsco.com/research-starters/earth-and-atmospheric-sciences/seismometers.
Wegener, SLEESWYK André, and N SIVIN. “DRAGONS and TOADS. THE CHINESE SEISMOSCOPE of A.D. 132.” Chinese Science, vol. 6, 1983, pp. 1–19. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/43290495, https://doi.org/10.2307/43290495.
Image Citations:
Title: https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stampa:Ancient-theater.jpg
Image 01: https://study.com/academy/lesson/seismology-definition-history.html
Image 02: https://sciencephotogallery.com/featured/zhang-heng-science-photo-library.html
Paper
Paper
Information Citations:
Carter, Thomas. “Part I. The Background of Printing in China.” The Invention of Printing in China and Its Spread Westward, 31 Dec. 1925, pp. XXXVII–LXVIII, https://doi.org/10.7312/cart93652-003.
Cartwright, Mark. “Paper in Ancient China.” World History Encyclopedia, Mark Cartwright, 15 Sept. 2017, www.worldhistory.org/article/1120/paper-in-ancient-china/.
“China: Make Your Own Paper.” Timothy S. Y. Lam Museum of Anthropology, 21 May 2020, lammuseum.wfu.edu/2020/05/china-make-your-own-paper/.
Grotenhuis, Elizabeth Ten. “Stories of Silk and Paper.” World Literature Today, vol. 80, no. 4, 2006, p. 10, https://doi.org/10.2307/40159125.
Pickering, John. “The History of Paper Money in China.” Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 1, no. 2, 1844, pp. 136–142, www.jstor.org/stable/3217743?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents, https://doi.org/10.2307/3217743.
Image Citations:
Title: https://www.theworldofchinese.com/2022/10/the-ancient-art-of-chinese-book-preservation/
Image 01: https://factsanddetails.com/china/cat2/4sub7/entry-8317.html
Image 02: https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/chinese-wisdom-manuscript-antique-books-gm497114023-41664112
Image 04: https://datadeluge.com/2016/04/certain-old-chinese-notes-or-chinese.html
Image 05: https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/tang-dynasty-fresco-gm147945046-15207426?searchscope=image%2Cfilm
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