A Newton's cradle is a device that uses a series of pendulums in a row in order to demonstrate the Laws of Conservation of Momentum and Conservation of Energy.
It was invented in 1967 by an English actor named Simon Prebble and was named after Isaac Newton due to the invention demonstrating Newton's Laws. John Wallis, Christopher Wren, and Christiaan Huygens each presented theoretical factors that are used in Newton's cradle.
Huygens was the individual who pointed out the conservation of momentum, and a quantity proportional to mass and velocity squared, which we know as kinetic energy. Conservation of momentum was first suggested by French Philosopher Rene Descartes, using an equation of momentum that equals mass times speed (p = mv), but was unable to solve the problem. However, Huygens suggested changing speed in the equation to velocity, which solved the problem since velocity implies a change in motion, and speed does not.
The first Newton's cradle was created using wood, and was sold by Harrods of London. Later on, a sculptor Richard Loncraine created a chrome design that was sold. The cradle is used in schools to demonstrate the concepts of conservation of momentum, conservations of energy, and Newton's second and third law.
Fun Fact: the largest Newton's cradle is displayed in Kalamazoo, Michigan. It was created using 20 bowling ballsthat each weigh 15 pounds and are hung from the ceiling with cables. The cables are 20 feet long and hang the bowling balls 3 feet from the ground.