Coco

How Pixar Made Sure Coco Was Culturally Conscious by Reggie Ugwu (Credit: New York Times)

When the Pixar writer and director Lee Unkrich received the green light in 2011 to develop his follow-up to “Toy Story 3,” the best picture nominee that made his career, his initial excitement dissolved into fear.

Mr. Unkrich, 50, hadn’t caught sophomore jitters. He knew his idea for a new animated film, which eventually became “Coco,” arriving in theaters in the United States on Wednesday, had the same potential for dazzling visuals and emotional catharsis that distinguished “Toy Story 3” and other hits from the Disney-owned studio.

His anxiety was personal. The story of “Coco” centers on Día de los Muertos — the festive holiday celebrated in Mexico to honor the dead — and Mr. Unkrich, who grew up outside Cleveland, is white and has no firm connections to that country or its traditions. He worried that he would be accused of cultural appropriation and see himself condemned to a Hollywood hall of shame for filmmakers charged with abusing ethnic folklore out of ignorance or prejudice.

“The Latino community is a very vocal, strongly opinionated community,” he said by telephone recently. “With me not being Latino myself, I knew that this project was going to come under heavy scrutiny.”

Mr. Unkrich faced a dilemma. On the one hand, he believed that artists should not be restricted to “only telling stories about what they know and their own culture.” But he also needed to safeguard against his ineluctable biases and blind spots, and ensure that his film didn’t “lapse into cliché or stereotype.”

And that was before the rise of President Trump.

The choices made by the director and his collaborators suggest one model for culturally conscious filmmaking at the blockbuster level. On “Coco,” Pixar’s 19th film and the first to feature a minority character in the lead role, Mr. Unkrich largely dispensed with the playbook used to create immersive fictional worlds like those in “Finding Nemo” and “Monsters, Inc.” Instead he relied on several research trips to Mexico and the personal stories of Latino team members, which helped ground his fantasy realm with specific geographic and sociological roots.

The filmmakers also turned to an array of outside Latino cultural consultants to vet ideas and suggest new ones — upending a long-running studio tradition of strict creative lockdown. That approach was formalized after an early misstep in 2013, when lawyers for Disney applied to trademark the phrase “Día de los Muertos,” a working title for “Coco,” and ignited a backlash online.

“We don’t normally open up the doors to let people in to see our early screenings,” Darla K. Anderson, one of the film’s producers and a longtime Pixar admiral, said of working with external consultants. “But we really wanted their voice and their notes and to make sure we got all the details correct.”

“Coco” tells the story of Miguel Rivera, a 12-year-old Mexican boy who dreams of becoming a famous troubadour like his idol, Ernesto de la Cruz — a guitar hero and movie star inspired by midcentury luminaries like Pedro Infante and Jorge Negrete. Miguel’s family sharply disapproves of music, leading to a fateful act of rebellion on the Day of the Dead that plunges him into an incandescent netherworld of walking skeletons, winged spirits and long-buried family secrets.

By seeking input on everything from character design to story early on, the studio hoped to make the movie feel more native than tourist, and to pre-empt the kind of withering, social-media-fueled whitewashing controversy that plagued the production of the Charlie Hunnam vehicle “American Drug Lord” more than a year ago, and helped sink films like “Aloha” and “Ghost in the Shell.” At the same time, executives trusted that non-Latino audiences would be drawn in by the story’s universal themes of familial legacy and solidarity.

The result is brimming with small nods to daily life in Mexico, including a slack-tongued Xolo (a Mexican breed of hairless dog) as Miguel’s loyal sidekick and a two-dimensional prologue animated to look like papel picado (traditional tissue-paper art).

Throughout the film, several main characters — voiced by a nearly all-Latino cast that includes Gael García Bernal, Benjamin Bratt and the young Anthony Gonzalez as Miguel — slip in and out of untranslated Spanish, a rarity in commercial American cinema.

“The original idea was to have the characters speak only in English with the understanding that they were really speaking in Spanish,” said Octavio Solis, a Mexican-American playwright who was a consultant on the film. “But for us, language is binary, and we code-switch from English to Spanish seamlessly.”

Mr. Unkrich and his team based the Rivera family — a multigenerational matriarchy headed by Miguel’s formidable abuelita, or grandmother — on real-world families with whom they embedded while visiting the Mexican states of Oaxaca and Guanajuato between 2011 and 2013. The consultants, including Mr. Solis, the cartoonist Lalo Alcaraz, the media strategist Marcela Davison Avilés and a wider network of 30 to 40 volunteer advisers, played referee.

For example, in early drafts of the film, Miguel’s grandmother was a coldblooded disciplinarian who kept him in line using a wooden spoon. The advisers said she felt discordant, so Mr. Unkrich softened the character and changed her chosen implement — from a spoon to well-worn flip-flops, or “las chanclas.”

“We found whenever we were made aware of these nuances and addressed them, it helped in terms of representation, but it also just helped in terms of storytelling,” said Adrian Molina, who was promoted from screenwriter to co-director of “Coco” in 2015 and is Mexican-American.

For all of Pixar’s efforts to honor the film’s culturally specific origins — and to make converts out of the 21 percent of moviegoers in the United States and Canada who identify as Hispanic — the studio is bracing for pushback from a constituency it didn’t anticipate six years ago, when President Barack Obama was on the verge of his second term in office.

The rhetoric of President Trump, who disparaged Mexican immigrants and antagonized Mexico with chants of “Build the wall” during the 2016 campaign, poured gasoline on an incendiary political debate just as the film was nearing completion. Though the only borders it depicts are metaphysical (skeletal customs agents make an appearance), “Coco” will arrive at a moment of pitched far-right and nationalist sentiment. A February poll by the Pew Research Center showed that more than a third of Americans support building a wall between the United States and Mexico.

“It’s been painful for me and a lot of people that there’s been so much negativity in the world, specifically and unfairly having to do with Mexico,” Mr. Unkrich said, declining to refer to Mr. Trump by name. “We’re just honored and grateful that we can bring something positive and hopeful into the world that can maybe do its own small part to dissolve and erode some of the barriers that there are between us.” On at least one side of the divide, the verdict on “Coco” is in. The film had its premiere in Mexico nearly a month ago, to coincide with Día de los Muertos, and is already the highest-grossing animated film in its history, dethroning Mr. Unkrich’s previous effort, “Toy Story 3,” in fewer than three weeks.

“This movie is a departure, but it’s a departure without making a big deal out of it,” said Alex Nogales, an unpaid adviser on “Coco” and the president and chief executive of the National Hispanic Media Coalition, a watchdog group. “They’re just representing who we are.”

Discussion Questions:

1. What are the main points presented in the above article?

2. The article mentions hostility toward Mexican immigrants at the time that this film was being made. This is an example of xenophobia. Read here about America’s history with xenophobia, then answer does this film discourage xenophobia the way the director hoped? Why or why not?

3. How does this film give us a different story of a Mexican family than ones we often hear about? Hint: Think about the narrative often told of Mexican immigrants coming into the U.S.

4. Can a nonpolitical movie like Coco have a political message? Explain your response and connect back to your previous answers in prompts b and c.

5. Do you think that film producers have a responsibility to diversify their stories and characters to relate to a larger audience? Why or why not?

6. Alternatively, do you think that film producers should only tell the stories that they identify with? Why or why not?

7. Do you think that the story of Miguel and his family is relatable across cultures? Explain your response.

Extension Question:

1. The director indicated he [was] worried that he would be accused of cultural appropriation and see himself condemned to a Hollywood hall of shame for filmmakers charged with abusing ethnic folklore out of ignorance or prejudice but he also believed that artists should not be restricted to “only telling stories about what they know and their own culture.” Take a stance. Understanding the director’s dilemma, give him your opinion about what you would do in this situation and why.

Research Questions: Choose 1

1. Further research the phrase cultural appropriation then decide, does Coco border on cultural appropriation? Explain your response using the information that you learn through your research and your understanding of the director's process explained in the article above.

2. Research Día de Muertos. Does the film accurately represent the celebration of this holiday? Explain your response and then identify key choices that the director made in the film to honor this Mexican festival or suggest changes that would better respect this tradition.