Biofilms are communities of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses, etc.) that form on surfaces or interfaces. They produce a sticky and slimy coating or matrix to adhere themselves to the surface and each other. This matrix protects them from harsh conditions (predators, antibiotics, physical removal, etc.) and allows them to live together as a community. Natural biofilm communities are very diverse and are comprised of multiple different species of microorganisms living in a delicate balance that optimizes survival of the community. Because of the many benefits of biofilm growth, microorganisms spend upwards of 97% of their time in these protected communities.

Because biofilm communities are the main mode of growth for microorganisms, and they are so protected from their external environment, their growth in unwanted areas can lead to problems in multiple environments and systems. Biofilms can be 100-1000x harder to treat than free-swimming bacterial cells making their removal extremely difficult. In healthcare 60% all infections and 80% of chronic infections are caused by biofilms, illustrating the large impact these surface-associated communities can have in our health.

On the flipside, because biofilm communities are so ubiquitous and successful at tolerating harsh conditions, they can be used to help solve difficult challenges. Additionally, most naturally occurring biofilms are actually beneficial and important to our ecosystems and health.