Unit 6

VI. Industrialization and Economic Development . . . . . 13–17% 

A. Growth and diffusion of industrialization 

          1. The changing roles of energy and technology 

          2. Industrial Revolution 

          3. Models of economic development: Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth and Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory 

          4. Geographic critiques of models of industrial location: bid rent, Weber’s comparative costs of transportation and industrial location in relation to resources, location of retailing and service industries, and local economic development within competitive global systems of corporations and finance 

B. Social and economic measures of development 

          1. Gross domestic product and GDP per capita 

          2. Human Development Index 

          3. Gender Inequality Index 

          4. Income disparity and the Gini coefficient 

          5. Changes in fertility and mortality 

          6. Access to health care, education, utilities, and sanitation 

C. Contemporary patterns and impacts of industrialization and development 

          1. Spatial organization of the world economy 

          2. Variations in levels of development (uneven development) 

          3. Deindustrialization, economic restructuring, and the rise of service and high technology economies 

          4. Globalization, manufacturing in newly industrialized  countries (NICs), and the international division of labor 

          5. Natural resource depletion, pollution, and climate change 

          6. Sustainable development 

          7. Government development initiatives: local, regional, and national policies 

          8. Women in development and gender equity in the workforce 

IF YOU ONLY LEARN 8 THINGS IN THIS UNIT...

1. Industry is based on transportation and labor costs. Weber's least cost theory suggests that a production point must be located within a "triangle," with raw materials coming from at least two sources. Weight-gaining industries must have their production point closer to the market. Weight-reducing industries must have their production point closer to the raw materials. 

2. The five main means of industrial transportation are truck, train, airplane, ship, and pipeline. Each has advantages and disadvantages for hauling raw materials r finished products to production points or markets around the globe.

3. Basic industries are city-forming industries, whereas nonbasic industries are city serving industries. Basic industries re the main business for which a city is known. Detroit/automobiles, Pittsburgh/steel, San Jose/computer chips are just three examples of basic industries in major urban areas in the United States.

4. The main factor in determining an area's development is the Human Development Index, which measures life expectancy, literacy, education, and the overall standard of living for different countries around the world. It was developed by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990, and has since been used by the United Nations as the primary indicator of countries' levels of development. 

5. The core-periphery models describes regions as core, semi-periphery, and periphery areas. It also describes four areas, the industrial core, upward transition, downward transition, and resource frontier. The model can be used from a worldwide scale down to urban scale to analyze city zones. 

6. The latest development strategy, sustainable development, attempts to improve the lives of people without depleting resources for future generations. This approach is often successful on a small geographical scale. 

7. Natural resources are either renewable or nonrenewable. The most important nonrenewable natural resource s for industrial purposes are fossil fuels. The burning of fossil fuels and extraction of natural resources can have negative environmental consequences. 

8. The United States is the leading consumer of fossil fuels in the world today. China, with its growing economy, is quickly increasing its energy consumption levels. There are alternative forms of energy such as hydroelectric, solar, nuclear, wind, and biomass, but it is debatable if these alternative sources of energy can seriously reduce carbon emissions from the industrialized countries of the world. 

UNIT 6 STUDY GUIDE AND REVIEW

1. How is development measured? What is GDP and GNP, Why are they not the only measure of development?

2. Define HDI and understand what is used to calculate the number (economic, social, etc…)

3. Constraints on Development (Population, Natural Resources, etc…)

4. Theories of Development: Capitalized development, Dependency….

5. Rostow’s Theory and the 5 stages of development

6. World Systems Model: Core, Periphery, Semi-Periphery

7. Where is development located? (location of the developed world…vs. developing world)

8. Identify and explain the economic sectors.  What role do they play in evaluating development?

9. What is GDI and GEM?

10. What role do resources play in development?  What resources are the most valuable?

11. Strategies for development.  Identify World Organizations trying to provide aid.

12. Explain the responsibility that MDC’s have in developing LDC’s.  

13. Origins of Industry.  Define Cottage industry.  Diffusion of Industry. Affect of the Industrial revolution.  Factors that contributed to Industry 

14. Site and Situation factors that go into Industrial Location. Examples.

15. Define Raw material orientation, market orientation, break-of-bulk orientation.

16. Location of industry on a world wide scale.  Location of Industrial Regions Primary and Secondary.

17. How did the Four dragons develop?  What did they have to offer?

18. Industrial problems in both MDCs and LDCs.  Loss of Industry in MDCs.  Struggles to support industry in LDCs.

19. What does the New World of Economics look like?