Describe an experiment complete with observations and that you could use to compare the relative rates of hydrolysis of:
i primary, secondary and tertiary halogenoalkanes
ii chloro-, bromo-, and iodoalkanes using aqueous silver nitrate in ethanol
In each both cases write a plan for how you will compare the rate of hydrolysis of a few drops of the three halogenoalkanes with warm water. Your plan should include the following:
1. the apparatus to be used
2. the quantities of materials to be used
3. details of what you expect to do in the form of a set of instructions that could be followed by another student without any further guidance
250 cm3 beaker ● 12 test tubes with bungs ● 1-chlorobutane ● 1-bromobutane ● 1-iodobutane ● 2-bromobutane ● 2-bromo-2-methylpropane ● silver nitrate solution ● 15 cm3 ethanol ● dropping pipettes ● two 10 cm3 measuring cylinder ● stop clock ● labels for test tubes ● kettle
CPAC 2b - Carries out techniques or procedures methodically, in sequence and in combination, identifying practical issues and making adjustments when necessary.
· Choose equipment independently
· Plan and organise to ensure timings will be accurate - explain how you will:
o Place equipment on a suitable surface for precipitate to be clearly seen
o Write a list of control variables explaining how each is controlled
o Maintain planned temperature – use a water bath & allow time for solutions to reach a stable temperature
o Good team work for timing and mixing solutions
CPAC 2c – Identifies and controls significant quantitative variables where applicable, and plans approaches to take account of variables that cannot readily be controlled.
Explain how you will:
· Use a thermometer to correctly measure temperature to a degree.
· Place the thermometer in the solutions to test temperatures not in the water surrounding
· Allow solutions to reach temperature before mixing
· Clean the thermometer between the solutions to avoid contamination
· Work together to ensure the timer is started when the reactants are mixed
CPAC 5b – Sources of information are cited demonstrating that research has taken place, supporting planning and conclusions
· Carry out suitable research and write up in own words citing relevant information, facts and figures within the text as necessary.
· Clearly identify any material that is a direct quote as such.
· Compile a bibliography of texts from which material has been sourced in such a way that the reader may retrieve the information easily.
CPAC 5a - Uses appropriate software and/or tools to process data, carry out research and report findings.
· Carry out suitable research to support planning into how to measure the rates of hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes
· write up methods in own words specifying how to achieve accurate results collecting quantitative data
· Uses research to support choices of equipment and planning
· Uses research to support predictions made
Explain what you would expect the trend in reactivity of primary, secondary and tertiary halogenoalkanes to be and why.
Useful resources may include:
Chemistry 1 by Graham Curtis et al Hodder Education pp 205-209
http://chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/haloalkanes/agno3.html
http://chemguide.co.uk/inorganic/group7/testing.html
http://www.knockhardy.org.uk/sci_htm_files/08rx1.pdf
http://science.cleapss.org.uk/resources/resource-search.aspx?search=silver%20nitrate
http://benjamin-mills.com/chemistry/sac/activities/aactivities.pdf (page 9)
1. Carry out research to develop a Risk Assessment. Ensure you make your precautions relevant to the correct chemicals and the concentrations and volumes being used. Hazcards 44A,44B,87 (It is recommended that you read the procedure on the next page first.)
CPAC 3a – Identifies hazards and assesses risks associated with these hazards, making safety adjustments where necessary, when carrying out experimental techniques and procedures
· Complete a full risk assessment prior to task
1. Include chemical hazards reactants & products plus physical hazards
2. Take account of volumes used to ensure risk assessment is appropriate
3. Take account of concentrations used to ensure risk assessment is appropriate
4. Makes appropriate assessment of hazards and risks to do with the practical procedure itself
5. References hazcards used to plan for safety
CPAC 5a - Uses appropriate software and/or tools to process data, carry out research and report findings.
Carry out suitable research to support your risk assessment
Write up a risk assessment in your own words specifying precautions relevant to practical being carried out
CPAC 5b – Sources of information are cited demonstrating that research has taken place, supporting planning and conclusions
Write up in own words citing relevant information, facts and figures within the text as necessary.
Reference Hazcards in a bibliography in such a way that the reader may retrieve the information easily.
Consult CLEAPSS Hazcards® 44A,44B,87. Perform a risk assessment using up-to-date information before this practical is carried out