● burette, clamp and stand ● sodium hydroxide solution (previously standardised) ● bench hydrochloric acid (approximately 1 mol dm–3 ) ● phenolphthalein ● 250 cm3 conical flask ● 25 cm3 volumetric pipette plus safety filler ● 100 cm3 beakers for transfer of solutions ● funnel for filling burette ● 250 cm3 beaker ● 250 cm3 volumetric flask
1. Wash out the 250 cm3 volumetric flask with distilled water.
2. Use the pipette to transfer 25.0 cm3 of the hydrochloric acid solution into the volumetric flask. Make the solution up to the mark with deionised water.
3. Prepare your apparatus for the titration. The burette should contain the sodium hydroxide solution and the conical flask should contain the dilute hydrochloric acid solution.
4. Pour a 25.0 cm3 aliquot of the diluted hydrochloric acid into the conical flask. Add two drops of phenolphthalein indicator.
5. Titrate the contents of the flask against the sodium hydroxide solution (previously standardised). All burette readings should be recorded to the nearest 0.05 cm3 .
6. The end point of this titration is indicated by the contents of the flask becoming pale pink. Continued swirling will cause the pink colour to fade and disappear – if the pink colour persists for 5 seconds or more, then the end point has been reached.
7. Continue to conduct titrations until you have two concordant titres.
8. Record your results in a table
Correctly follows instructions to carry out the experimental techniques or procedures
CPAC 2b - Carries out techniques or procedures methodically, in sequence and in combination, identifying practical issues and making adjustments when necessary
Prepares apparatus for titration:
1. Washes out burette with acid
2. Adds acid to burette using a funnel at eye level with glasses on
3. Removes air bubbles from tap
4. Records initial burette level
5. Pipets 25cm3 acid to a conical flask using a bulb pipette and safety filler
6. Uses a white tile
7. Adds four drops of indicator
Carries out titrations:
1. Titrates the alkali against the acid solution swirling the flask and with good control over the tap
2. Achieves drop wise addition near the end point
3. Reads titre to nearest 0.05cm3
CPAC 4a – Makes accurate observations relevant to the experimental or investigative procedure.
· Write down the exact burette value to 0.05cm3
· Measure masses to at least 2dp’s
· Obtain 2-3 concordant results
· Read scales correctly on all pieces of apparatus (teacher to check one)
· Read from bottom of meniscus when using burette (teacher to check one)
· Use pipet and standard flask so that bottom of meniscus is on line
Wear eye protection.
Phenolphthalein solution is flammable and toxic.
Bench hydrochloric acid is an irritant.
Ensure burettes are filled when the top of the burette is below eye level.
CPAC 3b – Uses appropriate safety equipment and approaches to minimise risks with minimal prompting
· Collects all equipmentt at start to minimise walking around the lab once practical work
· Sets up work space in an organised fashion
· Wears safety goggles, (lab coats), throughout
· No spillages/deals with spillages appropriately with minimal fuss
· Keeps stoppers on bottles when not in use
· Fills burette at eye level with a filter funnel and safety glasses. Removes funnel.
· Discuss medical issues prior to practical work that may need considering (ie asthmatic/ epileptic…)
· Correct disposal of reaction mixture (reagents & products) at end of practical
· Area cleared away properly & cleaned down without prompting
Consult CLEAPSS Hazcards® 32,91A,47A. Perform a risk assessment using up-to-date information before this practical is carried out