1.5  Big Idea 4: Interdependent Relationships

🚩 paper text pages 8-10  🚫 Digital textbook is different than the paper textbook.

1. An old adage in biology:  "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts." 

   1. living organisms do not survive in isolation

   2. positive and negative interactions shape species 

      1. behavior

      2. physical characteristics

      3. physiology

2. Emergent properties are seen in biology as you go from a small scale to a larger scale

   1. moving up the hierarchy scale, one can find unique characteristics not seen in the lower levels

   2. all levels of biological organization are interconnected and function as biological systems

      1. energy and nutrient requirements move through these levels to support an organism

      2. damage to part of the biological system can cause wide ranging effects because of the level interdependence

   3. an example of emergent properties: atomic elements have different properties after they are combined to form compounds

      1. the change in chemical reactivity, etc. is a result of emergent properties

   4. another example of emergent properties: a single muscle cell performs a certain task over and over in multicellular organisms, but a tissue of muscle (made of hundred thousands of cells) leads to a new, specific function 

      1. A single cell can move a limited amount using contraction and relaxing

      2. a tissue can coordinate the movement of a limb (skeletal muscle tissue)

3. there are levels of organization in biology

   2. 1. from atoms to the biosphere

      2. Levels of biological organization (multicellular organisms)

         1. an atom is the smallest unit of an element (the basic unit of matter)

         2. a molecule is the combination of atoms which can be a compound or diatomic 

         3. a cell is the structural and functional unit of all living things

            1. Eukaryotic cells can have intermediate levels such as the various organelles that are absent in prokaryotes

         4. a tissue is a group cells with a common structure and function

         5. an organ is composed of several tissues functioning together for a specific task

         6. an organ system is composed of several organs working together

         7. an organism is an individual lifeform contain many organ systems

         8. a population is all the organisms of a the same species in a particular area

         9. a community is the  populations of different species interacting in a particular area3

         10. an ecosystem is the community interacting with the physical environment (such as extracting inorganic matter)

         11. a biosphere is the region where you can find living organisms on planet Earth that extends into the crust, in the waters, and into the atmosphere

4. At all biological levels, cooperation and competition can be examined

5. diversity affects interactions

   1. biological diversity leads to flexibility and  greater chance of survival

      1. genetic diversity (can increase the survivability of a species population)

      2. functional diversity (can increase the survivability of a community)

      3. species diversity (can increase the healthy of ecosystem)

      4. ecosystem diversity (can increase the functioning of a biome containing different ecosystems such as forests, meadows, lakes and streams)