Source5: How Discrimination Shapes Social Identification Processes and Well-Being Among Arab Americans
The constant changes of the political situation in conflicted areas of the MENA region has created a general sense of Islamophobia which, indeed, had clear effects on Muslims living all over the globe. A 2017 research examines how discrimination prompted by Islamophobia has affected the identification process and wellbeing of Arab Americans. The research included Muslim and Christian Arab Americans to separately test the effect of religion and ethnicity as separate factors. The conclusion drawn by the researchers were based on analysis of two surveys of Arab Americans, both of which were based on representative samples to ensure accurate results. They concluded that Arab Americans who experienced discrimination are more likely to report a lower national identification- considering themselves American- compared to those who didn’t. additionally, decreased national identification had an indirect negative effect on the wellbeing for both Christian and Muslin Arab Americans. The researchers argue that this negative impact could result in a conflict between the ethnic and national identities of those groups and create a feeling of disconnectedness to their land, the USA ( Hakim, Molina,& Branscombe, 2017). The conclusions presented by Hakim and his colleagues could ,in theory ,have a broader implications, as Arabs in general face a similar sense of discrimination and stereotypes by most of the western world; which suggests that they also might be feeling a sense of discontented and disconnect to the world similar to how Arab Americans feel towards the US. These negative impacts could result in either the westernization of the Arabic culture to better fit with the rest of the world, or it’s isolation to protect itself.
https://journals-sagepub-com.libproxy.aucegypt.edu/doi/full/10.1177/1948550617742192
Source6: Africa Is Largely Influenced by Foreign Culture Especially Western Culture. Has Africa Now Sacrificed Her Own Culture on the Altar of Expediency?
Chulu( 2015)raised important questions regarding the discussion of the spread of westernization in the African continent. He raised concerns over the fact that although the whole world appears to be exchanging cultural values together, very little aspects of the African culture could be observed in the western nations, while Africans rush to dress, talk, eat, live in a manner traced by the western culture. through a close analysis of Zambia, Chulu concluded that African culture is considered inferior to the western one. He added that his conclusion also explains why Africa is still underdeveloped despite that it has adapted many western aspects as a result of the colonial slave trade and spread of Christian missionaries in the continent. The western lifestyle and values don’t fit the cultural variation and the tribal nature of the indigenous groups of Africa, Africa is unable to utilize its rich natural resources to improve the lives of its citizens. Chulu condemns westerners for making African cultures prone to extinction, as the west has and still continues to use fabrication syndrome- injecting western cultural characteristics into Africa through making African consumers economically dependent on the west (Chulu, 2015). The conclusions of Chulu’s analysis of Zambia could be extended to Egypt bearing in mind the difference in the colonial histories of both nations, for Egypt has indeed suffered colonialism by the British and French but was not involved in the Atlantic slave trade. The influence of the colonial times could be observed in many cultural, economic, and political settings, as the Egyptian dialog has adapted many French and English words, and the Egyptian constitution is based on the French one. This makes Egypt an additional proof for the dictatorial behavior of the western culture that aims to impose itself on other cultures.
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2671784