Maps
HISTORICAL MAPS
The historical maps in this page are for the most part versions of some of the maps I have prepared for teaching purposes in my various courses. The level of detail and accuracy in any one map depends on the author's perceived necessities and priorities, source materials, and personal level of expertise in each particular case. Inevitably, as all too common with historical maps, many of these maps are (or started out) based on pre-existing versions from a variety of sources; I have attempted to investigate and verify points of doubt or discord wherever possible. Occasionally existing maps are revised to reflect additions or corrections, and new maps are added to this page. Given proper attribution, these maps may be used freely for non-commercial educational purposes.
NOTE: Following the site migration to the New Google Sites, map images appear to display at a resolution significantly lower than that in which they were saved and uploaded, which becomes apparent when attempting to zoom in. Download the file to view it in the original resolution of the uploaded version.
Maps of the Ancient Near East and the Eastern Mediterranean during the Bronze Age
Ancient Mesopotamia: detailed Reference Map (with Bronze and early Iron Age named sites)
Ancient Egypt: detailed Reference Map (with Bronze and early Iron Age named sites)
Ancient Egypt and Nubia: larger detailed Reference Map (with Bronze and early Iron Age named sites)
The Ancient Near East c. 2250 BC (Akkadians, Egyptians, and sources of long-distance trade imports)
The Ancient Near East c. 1350 BC (the World of the Amarna Letters)
The Aegean c.1300-1200 BC (the Mycenaen World between Mythology and History)
The Ancient Near East c. 1250 BC (the World of Rameses II and the International System of the Late Bronze Age)
Anatolia c. 1300 BC (the Hittite Empire and its dependencies)
Mesopotamia c. 1200 BC (Babylonia and Assyria)
The Sea Peoples in the Eastern Mediterranean c. 1200 BC (compare to the Returns from Troy map below)
Israel and Judah c. 880 BC (the fragmentation of the United Monarchy according to the Old Testament)
Maps of the Ancient Greek World and Persian and Hellenistic Empires
Greece and the Aegean: detailed Reference Map (with approximate regional divisions within Greece and select later Roman and Byzantine sites and/or names)
"Mycenaean" Greece in the Late Bronze Age (major Mycenaean remains in red; Hittite names in blue)
"Mycenaean" Greece in the Late Bronze Age (with toponyms attested in Egyptian and Hittite sources)
"Mycenaean" Raids before the Trojan War (according to the Ancient Greek traditions)
Homeric Greece (according to the Catalog of Ships in Homer's Iliad)
The Returns from Troy (according to the Ancient Greek tradition; compare to the Sea Peoples map above)
Greek Migrations at the End of the Bronze Age (according to the Ancient Greek traditions)
Dialect displacement in Greece at the End of the Bronze Age (according to Finkelberg's Greeks and Pre-Greeks)
Survivors and Newcomers in the Aegean at the Beginning of the Iron Age
Greek and Phoenician Colonization c. 700 BC
The Persian Empire c. 500 BC (territorial expansion to 500 BC)
The Persian Empire c. 500 BC (Satrapies, tributaries, and the Royal Road)
The Persian Empire c. 490 BC (Administrative divisions with approximate boundaries)
Greece during the Persian Wars 490-480 BC
Greece under the Hegemony of the Delian League, c. 450 BC
Greece during the Peloponnesian War I (Arkhidamian War), 431-421 BC
Greece during the Peloponnesian War II (Dekeleian War), 413-404 BC
Greece during the Spartan Hegemony c. 404 BC
Greece during the Theban Hegemony c. 362 BC
Greece during the Macedonian Hegemony I, c. 336 BC
Greece during the Macedonian Hegemony II, c. 200 BC
Macedonian expansion under Philippos II to 336 BC
Macedon and Alexander's Conquests in 323 BC
Egypt during the Ptolemaic and Greco-Roman Period (reference map of major sites)
Anatolia (Asia Minor) c. 240 BC (reference map of major sites during the Ptolemaic preeminence)
Anatolia (Asia Minor) c. 200 BC (reference map of major sites during the Antigonid intervention)
Anatolia (Asia Minor) c. 195 BC (reference map of major sites during the Seleucid preeminence)
Anatolia (Asia Minor) c. 183 BC (reference map of major sites after the Peace of Apamea)
Anatolia (Asia Minor) c. 120 BC (reference map of major sites after establishment of the Province of Asia)
Anatolia (Asia Minor) c. 85 BC (reference map of major sites during the Mithridatic Wars)
Anatolia (Asia Minor) c. 63 BC (reference map of major sites after the Settlement of Pompey)
Anatolia (Asia Minor) c. 31 BC (reference map of major sites after the Settlement of Antony)
The Kingdom of the Hasmoneans and its dissolution c. 40 BC
The Kingdom of Herod and its dissolution c. AD 5
The Peoples of Italy by 300 BC
Alexander's heirs in 323 BC (the settlement of Perdikkas at Babylon)
Alexander's heirs in 320 BC (the settlement of Antipatros at Triparadeisos)
Alexander's heirs in 315 BC (the settlement of Antigonos)
Alexander's heirs in 303 BC (before the battle of Ipsos)
Alexander's heirs in 300 BC (after the battle of Ipsos)
Alexander's heirs in 283 BC (before the battle of Kouropedion)
Alexander's heirs in 270 BC (after the battle of Kouropedion)
Alexander's heirs in 195 BC (before the peace of Apameia, 188 BC)
Alexander's heirs in 170 BC (after the peace of Apameia, 188 BC)
Maps of the Mediterranean World during the Roman Period and Late Antiquity
The Mediterranean in 264-241 BC (Rome and Carthage during the First Punic War)
The Mediterranean in 241-218 BC (Rome and Carthage between the First and Second Punic War)
The Mediterranean in 218-168 BC (the Second Punic War and its aftermath)
The Mediterranean in 148-121 BC (Roman expansion into Africa and Asia)
The Mediterranean in 60-53 BC (during the First Triumvirate)
The Mediterranean in 49-44 BC (during the supremacy of Caesar)
The Mediterranean in 43-33 BC (during the Second Triumvirate)
The Mediterranean in AD 14 (Roman imperial and senatorial provinces at the death of Augustus: simpler map)
The Mediterranean in AD 14 (Roman administrative divisions and centers, with later expansion: larger map)
The Mediterranean in 117 (the death of Trajan)
The Eastern Mediterranean (with provincial borders as of 118)
The Mediterranean in 180 (Roman provinces at the death of Marcus Aurelius)
The Mediterranean in 211 (Roman provinces at the death of Septimius Severus)
The Mediterranean in 235 (Roman administrative divisions and centers: larger map)
The Mediterranean in 271 (the Crisis of the Third Century)
The Mediterranean in 305 (Roman dioceses at the abdication of Diocletian: simple map)
The Mediterranean in 305 (at the End of the First Tetrarchy, 293-305: simple map)
The Mediterranean in 306 (at the End of the Second Tetrarchy, 305-306: simple map)
The Mediterranean in 311 (after the death of Galerius, 311-312: simple map)
The city of Rome in 312 (at the victory of Constantine I; showing known public buildings, monuments, bridges, the Aurelian Walls, and the approximate extent of the 14 regions)
The Mediterranean in 313 (first division of the Roman Empire between Constantine and Licinius, 313-316: simple map)
The Mediterranean in 317 (second division of the Roman Empire between Constantine and Licinius, 317-324: simple map)
The Mediterranean in 335 (Caesars under Constantine, 335-337: simple map)
The Mediterranean in 337 (at the death of Constantine I)
The Mediterranean in 337 (division of the Roman Empire among the sons of Constantine, 337-340: simple map)
The Mediterranean in 395 (Roman administrative divisions and centers: larger map)
The Mediterranean in 395 (Roman dioceses at the death of Theodosius I: simpler map)
The Mediterranean in 395 (Roman praetorian prefectures at the death of Theodosius I: simpler map)
The Mediterranean in 395 (division of the Roman Empire at the death of Theodosius I: simpler map)
Britannia in c. 400 (Roman Britain: detailed map)
The Mediterranean in 415 (amid Barbarian invasions: very simple map)
The Mediterranean in 450 (Christian Churches: larger map)
The Mediterranean in 500 (Barbarian Europe and the Byzantine Empire: very simple map; compare Barbarian Europe maps below)
Britannia in c. 510 ("Arthurian" Britain: detailed map)
The Mediterranean in 565 (Justinian's Reconquests: very simple map; compare Barbarian Europe maps below)
The Mediterranean in 565 (Roman administrative divisions and centers: larger map)
The Mediterranean in 600 (before the Islamic Conquests: very simple map; compare Barbarian Europe maps below)
Caucasia in the Fourth Century (focusing on Armenia and its gradual loss of territory to Rome, Sasanid Persia, Georgia/Iberia, and Caucasian Albania)
The Sasanid Persian Empire c. 300-500 (expanding in the west but contracting in the east)
The Sasanid Persian Empire c. 500-590 (the Sasanid resurgence of the 6th century)
The Sasanid Persian Empire c. 590-628 (during the great war against the Eastern Roman Empire)
Maps of Early Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean
Environs of Constantinople (Constantinople and the Straits during the Byzantine Period)
Barbarian Europe c. 450 (before the death of Attila, with areas overrun by the Huns in the period c. 441-453)
Barbarian Europe c. 455 (after the deaths of Attila and Aetius)
Barbarian Europe c. 475 (before the deposition of Romulus Augustulus)
Barbarian Europe c. 500 (before the triumph of Clovis I)
Barbarian Europe c. 510 (after the triumph of Clovis I)
Barbarian Europe c. 525 (before the death of Theodoric the Great)
Barbarian Europe c. 565 (before the death of Justinian I)
Barbarian Europe c. 602 (before the collapse of the Roman Danube and Eastern frontiers)
Barbarian Europe c. 650 (height of the Visigothic and Langobard Kingdoms)
The British Isles c. 500 ("Arthurian" Britain: simple map; compare Britannia in c. 510 map above)
The British Isles c. 600 (on the eve of the first Anglo-Saxon conversion to Roman Christianity: simple map)
The British Isles c. 700 (the Anglo-Saxon "heptarchy" under Mercian dominance before the Viking raids and settlement: simple map)
Islamic Expansion c. 630-750 (under the Râšidûn and Umayyad caliphs)
The Mediterranean in 750 (the end of the Umayyad Caliphate; very simple map)
The Mediterranean in 840 (the Carolingian Empire before the Treaty of Verdun; very simple map)
Lombard Italy c. 752 (the expansion of Lombard rule in Italy from to 752)
Medieval Europe in 711 (before the Muslim conquest of Spain)
Medieval Europe in 750 (before the accession of Pippin the Short and the Carolingian Dynasty)
The Frankish Empire in 814 (expansion of the Carolingian Empire from Charles Martel to the death of Charlemagne)
The Frankish Empire in 814 (the Carolingian Empire at the death of Charlemagne; projected partition among his sons in 806)
The Frankish Empire in 817 (the Carolingian Empire under Louis the Pious; projected partition among his sons in 817 and 829)
The Frankish Empire in 839 (the partition at Worms)
The Frankish Empire in 843 (the partition at Verdun)
The Frankish Empire in 855 (the partition at Prüm)
The Frankish Empire in 870 (the partition at Meersen)
The Frankish Empire in 876 (after the death of Louis the German)
The Frankish Empire in 880 (the partition at Ribemont)
Medieval Europe in 890 (after the final disintegration of the Carolingian Empire in 887, and the advent of the Magyars)
Medieval Europe in 912 (after the end of the German Carolingians and of Great Moravia, and the full establishment of Rus')
Medieval Europe in 930 (the beginning of German expansion eastward and of the Byzantine reconquest of Anatolia)
Medieval Europe in 950 (before the Holy Roman Empire, the final unification of England, and the defeat of the Magyars)
Medieval Europe in 973 (after the inauguration of the Ottonian Holy Roman Empire and the full establishment of Poland)
Medieval Europe in 1000 (after the end of the French Carolingians and the apex of the Umayyad Caliphate in Spain)
Medieval Europe in 1020 (after the Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria, the full establishment of Hungary and the apex of early Poland)
Medieval Europe in 1035 (high point of the Holy Roman Empire, the Eastern Roman Empire, early Denmark, and Navarre; final dissolution of the Umayyad Caliphate in Spain)
Medieval Europe in 1054 (the Great Schism)
France in 1032 (the royal domain and feudal principalities on the death of Robert II)
Holy Roman Empire in 1045 (with territorial changes in the 10th and 11th centuries)
Southeastern al-Andalus (Andalusia, the core of Muslim Spain in the Middle Ages)
Southeastern Europe c. 950 (Byzantium, the Slavs, Magyars, and Pechenegs, based on Constantine Porphyrogenitus' De administrando imperio)
The Vikings c. 1000 (Viking and Rus' settlement and raids in the Atlantic, Mediterranean, Black Sea, and Caspian Sea)
Caucasia c. 999 (the Armenian and Georgian Bagratids and the renewal of Byzantium's eastwards expansion)
Caucasia c. 1040 (the Armenian and Georgian Bagratids and the continuation of Byzantium's eastwards expansion)
Caucasia c. 1064 (the Armenian and Georgian Bagratids and the Byzantine Empire before the Battle of Manzikert)
Maps of India and South Asia up to c. 400
Maps of China and East Asia up to c. 1200
China in c. 800 BC (the Western Zhou)
China in 256-221 BC (the Qin conquest of the Warring States)
China in 210 BC (at the death of the First Emperor)
China in AD 94 (high point of the Later Han)
China in 230 (the Three Kingdoms)
China in 720 (high point of the Tang)
China in 800 (decline of the Tang)
The Tang capital Chang'an (city plan, modern location: Xi'an)
China in 1100 (high point of the Northern Song)
China in 1200 (on the eve of the Mongol conquest)
Maps of the Eastern Mediterranean and Aegean during the Crusades
The Muslim East in 1096 (at the beginning of the First Crusade)
The Eastern Mediterranean in 1096 (at the beginning of the First Crusade)
Outremer in 1099 (during the First Crusade)
Outremer in 1143 (before the fall of Edessa; with a selective correspondence of site names)
Outremer in 1189 (after the first fall of Jerusalem and before the Third Crusade)
Outremer in 1193 (after the Third Crusade)
Outremer in 1198 (after the Crusade of 1197 and before the Sixth Crusade)
Outremer in 1205 (after the deaths of Isabelle II and Aimery of Lusignan)
Outremer in 1229 (after the Sixth Crusade of Friedrich II)
Outremer in 1243 (after the Crusades of Thibaud of Champagne and Richard of Cornwall and before the second fall of Jerusalem)
Northern Outremer in 1143 (detailed reference map)
Southern Outremer in 1143 (detailed reference map)
Medieval Cyprus (detailed reference map)
The Crusader States in the Aegean 1212 (detailed map)
Crusader Greece (Frankish Greece) (detailed reference map)
The (projected) partition of the Eastern Empire (Romania) in Autumn 1204 (between the emperor, the Crusaders, and Venice)
The Latin Empire in 1212 (during the reign of Henri of Flanders)
The Latin Empire in 1228 (on the death of Robert I of Courtenay; during the supremacy of Theodoros of Epirus)
The Latin Empire in 1237 (on the death of Jean of Brienne; during the supremacy of Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria)
The Latin Empire in 1255 (during the period of Nicaean supremacy, after the death of Ioannes III Doukas Batatzes)
The Latin Empire in 1261 (after the restoration of the Eastern Roman Empire at Constantinople under Mikhael VIII Palaiologos)
Maps of Europe during the High and Late Middle Ages
The Baltic in 1150 (before the Baltic Crusades)
The Baltic in 1300 (after the Baltic Crusades and the emergence of Lithuania)
The Baltic in 1450 (before the final decline of the Teutonic Order)
Medieval Rus' in 1200 (before the Mongol and Lithuanian conquests)
France in 1179 (on the accession of Philippe II Auguste)
France in 1200 (after the treaty of Peronne and Goulet)
France in 1223 (at the death of Philippe II Auguste)
France in 1241 (after the majority of Alphonse of Poitiers)
France in 1259 (after the treaties of Paris and Corbeil)
Medieval Sicily (under the Hauteville, Hohenstaufen, Angevin, and Aragonese kings)
Europe and the Mediterranean in 1054 (at the time of the Great Schism) (large file)
Europe and the Mediterranean in 1240 (during the Mongol Invasion) (large file)
Europe and the Mediterranean in 1350 (on the eve of the Ottoman Invasion) (large file)
The Western Schism in 1395 (Rome vs. Avignon, before the Council of Pisa)
The Western Schism in 1410 (Rome vs. Avignon vs. Pisa, before the Council of Constance)
The Iberian Peninsula in 1462 (before the conquest of Granada; towards the end of the Spanish and Portuguese Reconquista)
Maps of the Mongol World Empire and East, Southeast, and South Asia after c. 1200
The Mongols in the mid-13th Century (the Mongol Conquest)
The Mongols in the early 14th Century (division of the Mongol State)
Mongol Eurasia (the Mongol Empire in c. 1290), in color
Mongol Eurasia (the Mongol Empire in c. 1290), in grayscale
Mongol Persia (the Ilkhanate in c. 1290), in color
Mongol Persia (the Ilkhanate in c. 1290), in grayscale
Mongol Central Asia (the Ulus of Chaghatai in c. 1290), in color
Mongol Central Asia (the Ulus of Chaghatai in c. 1290), in grayscale
Mongol China (Yuan China in c. 1290; Mongol attacks on Burma and Japan)
Mongol eastern China (the eastern part of Yuan China in c. 1290)
The Yuan capital Dadu (city plan, modern location: Beijing)
Southeast Asia (Indochina in c.1290; Mongol attacks on Annam, Champa, and Burma)
India and South Asia (chief Hindu, Buddhist, and Muslim powers c. 1290)
Maps of the New World
The Aztec Empire in 1518 (on the eve of the Spanish conquest)
Anahuac (the Valley of Mexico) in 1518 (on the eve of the Spanish conquest)
The Inca (Inka) Empire in 1532 (on the eve of the Spanish conquest)