Bones and Bony Landmarks of the Appendicular Skeleton

Required Readings: Moore’s Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 7th edition

pgs. 7-11; 16-36; 512-531; 626-669; 673-687; 793-819

1. Understand the basics of bone markings/macroscopic bone anatomy terminology

The macroscopic appearance of bone varies based on the function of that area of bone (e.g. muscle tendon/ligament attachment, neurovasculature entering/exiting bone, joint formation, etc.) and between individuals. Understanding the basic terminology of macroscopic bone anatomy will assist in further osteological analysis.

A most basic division of osteological landmarks includes: depressions/openings & projections/processes.

Depressions and openings have two main functions: allowing the passage of soft tissue through or along bone and formation of joints. The articular surfaces of bone (joint formation) are smooth, as they were covered with articular cartilage during life.

See Table 1 for a list of depressions/openings that are commonly found on bones of upper/lower limbs.

Table 1: Osteological landmarks: depressions/openings

Projections and processes have two main functions: formation of joints and attachment points for connective tissues (muscle tendons, ligaments). See Table 2 for a list of projections/processes that are commonly found on bones of upper/lower limbs.

Table 2: Osteological landmarks: projections/processes

2. Identify bones and major bony landmarks of upper and lower limbs.

Arches of Foot

Medial longitudinal arch

Description

Relevance

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Screen%20Shot%202018-03-26%20at%209.05.41%20AM.png?attredirects=0

Transverse arch

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Screen%20Shot%202018-03-26%20at%209.06.09%20AM.png?attredirects=0

Carpals

Capitate

Description

Relevance

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide18.JPG?attredirects=0

Hamate

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide18.JPG?attredirects=0

Lunate

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide18.JPG?attredirects=0

Pisiform

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide19.JPG?attredirects=0

Scaphoid

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide18.JPG?attredirects=0

Trapezium

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide18.JPG?attredirects=0

Trapezoid

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide19.JPG?attredirects=0

Triquetrum

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide18.JPG?attredirects=0

Clavicle

Acromial end

Description

Flattened, lateral end of clavicle

Enlarged, medial end of clavicle

Description

Relevance

Articulates with scapula (acromion) at acromioclavicular (AC) joint

Articulates with manubrium of sternum at sternoclavicular joint

Relevance

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Screen%20Shot%202018-03-22%20at%208.32.30%20AM.png

Sternal end

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Screen%20Shot%202018-03-22%20at%208.32.30%20AM.png?attredirects=0

Coxal Bone

Acetabulum

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide30.JPG?attredirects=0

Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide25.JPG?attredirects=0

Greater sciatic notch

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Screen%20Shot%202018-03-26%20at%2010.08.35%20AM.png?attredirects=0

Iliac crest

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide25.JPG?attredirects=0

Ilium

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide24.JPG?attredirects=0

Inferior pubic ramus

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide28.JPG?attredirects=0

Ischial ramus

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide26%20%281%29.JPG?attredirects=0

Ischial tuberosity

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide26%20%281%29.JPG?attredirects=0

Ischium

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide24.JPG?attredirects=0

Obturator foramen

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide30.JPG?attredirects=0

Pubic body

Pubic tubercle

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide28.JPG?attredirects=0

Pubis

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide24.JPG?attredirects=0

Superior pubic ramus

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide28.JPG?attredirects=0

Symphysial surface

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide29.JPG?attredirects=0

Femur

Greater trochanter

Description

Description

Relevance

Relevance

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide33.JPG?attredirects=0

Head

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide32.JPG?attredirects=0

Intercondylar fossa

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide34.JPG?attredirects=0

Intertrochanteric crest

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide33.JPG?attredirects=0

Lateral condyle

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide34.JPG?attredirects=0

Lateral epicondyle

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide33.JPG?attredirects=0

Lesser trochanter

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide33.JPG?attredirects=0

Linea aspera

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide33.JPG?attredirects=0

Medial condyle

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide34.JPG?attredirects=0

Medial epicondyle

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide33.JPG?attredirects=0

Neck

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide32.JPG?attredirects=0

Fibula

Head

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide38.JPG?attredirects=0

Lateral malleolus

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide38.JPG?attredirects=0

Neck

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide38.JPG?attredirects=0

Humerus

Anatomical neck

Description

Relevance

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide8.JPG?attredirects=0

Capitulum

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide11.JPG?attredirects=0

Deltoid tuberosity

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide10.JPG?attredirects=0

Greater tubercle

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide9.JPG?attredirects=0

Head

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide9.JPG?attredirects=0

Lateral epicondyle

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide11.JPG?attredirects=0

Lesser tubercle

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide9.JPG?attredirects=0

Medial epicondyle

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide11.JPG?attredirects=0

Olecranon fossa

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide12.JPG?attredirects=0

Radial groove

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide10.JPG?attredirects=0

Surgical neck

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide8.JPG?attredirects=0

Trochlea

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide11.JPG?attredirects=0

Metacarpals & Phalanges

Distal phalanges

Description

Relevance

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide17.JPG?attredirects=0

Metacarpals

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide17.JPG?attredirects=0

Middle phalanges

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide17.JPG?attredirects=0

Proximal phalanges

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide17.JPG?attredirects=0

Metatarsals & Phalanges

Distal phalanges

Description

Relevance

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide39.JPG?attredirects=0

Metatarsals

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide39.JPG?attredirects=0

Middle phalanges

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide39.JPG?attredirects=0

Proximal phalanges

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide39.JPG?attredirects=0

Patella

Patella

Description

Description

Relevance

Relevance

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide35.JPG?attredirects=0

Radius

Carpal articular surface

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide16.JPG?attredirects=0

Head

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Copy%20of%20Slide11.JPG?attredirects=0

Radial styloid process

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Copy%20of%20Slide11.JPG?attredirects=0

Radial tuberosity

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Copy%20of%20Slide11.JPG?attredirects=0

Scapula

Acromion

Description

Relevance

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide6.JPG?attredirects=0

Coracoid process

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide5.JPG?attredirects=0

Glenoid cavity

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide7.JPG?attredirects=0

Inferior angle

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide4.JPG?attredirects=0

Infraspinous fossa

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide6.JPG?attredirects=0

Lateral border

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide4.JPG?attredirects=0

Medial border

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide4.JPG?attredirects=0

Spine of scapula

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Screen%20Shot%202018-03-21%20at%2012.40.37%20PM.png?attredirects=0

Subscapular fossa

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide5.JPG?attredirects=0

Superior angle

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide4.JPG?attredirects=0

Suprascapular notch

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide6.JPG?attredirects=0

Supraspinous fossa

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide6.JPG?attredirects=0

Tarsals

Calcaneal tuberosity

Description

Relevance

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide42.JPG?attredirects=0

Calcaneus

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Screen%20Shot%202018-03-26%20at%209.36.45%20AM.png?attredirects=0

Cuboid

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Screen%20Shot%202018-03-26%20at%209.36.36%20AM.png?attredirects=0

Medial cuneiform

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Screen%20Shot%202018-03-26%20at%209.36.36%20AM.png?attredirects=0

Middle cuneiform

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Screen%20Shot%202018-03-26%20at%209.36.36%20AM.png?attredirects=0

Navicular

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Screen%20Shot%202018-03-26%20at%209.36.36%20AM.png?attredirects=0

Lateral cuneiform

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Screen%20Shot%202018-03-26%20at%209.36.36%20AM.png?attredirects=0

Sustentaculum tali

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide42.JPG?attredirects=0

Talus

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide42.JPG?attredirects=0

Tibia

Intercondylar eminence

Description

Relevance

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide37.JPG?attredirects=0

Lateral condyle

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide37.JPG?attredirects=0

Medial condyle

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide37.JPG?attredirects=0

Medial malleolus

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide36.JPG?attredirects=0

Tibial plateau

Tibial tuberosity

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide36.JPG?attredirects=0

Ulna

Coronoid process

Description

Relevance

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Copy%20of%20Slide9.JPG?attredirects=0

Head

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide14.JPG?attredirects=0

Olecranon

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Copy%20of%20Slide9.JPG?attredirects=0

Radial notch

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Copy%20of%20Slide9.JPG?attredirects=0

Trochlear notch

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Copy%20of%20Slide9.JPG?attredirects=0

Ulnar styloid process

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelink-anatomy-tables/bones-bony-landmarks-of-upper-and-lower-limbs/Copy%20of%20Slide13.JPG?attredirects=0