DPH Training Unit 4: Community Resources and Collaboration
Learning Objectives
To understand the importance of referring survivors to appropriate, community-based services.
To increase knowledge about the various resources available to assist people affected by domestic violence.
Obtain a deeper understanding of resources available to survivors (including but not limited to hotlines, shelters, support groups, advocacy groups, and legal aid) and the local organizations that provide them.
Unit 4 Introduction & Objectives
The purpose of this unit is to provide an overview of relevant resources that can assist you, the people you’re working with, and their family and friends. The first section explains the range of available resources and how they might be helpful. The second section provides a list of phone numbers and websites for each type of resource, some of which will have already been mentioned. We encourage you to not only familiarize yourself with these resources, but also develop collaborative relationships with staff at the programs most relevant to your work. Because assisting people affected by DV and SV often requires a wraparound approach to meet their multiple needs; it is essential that the various providers in their lives work together in collaborative and supportive ways.
Services for DV/SV Survivors and their Families
Domestic and Sexual Violence Hotlines
Hotlines are 24-hour numbers that are staffed by trained advocates. The counselors can provide emotional support, assistance with finding emergency shelter, safety planning, and information about legal options. Survivors can call anonymously or confidentially.
Family and friends can also call hotlines for resources and information. They might also call because they need emotional support: when someone is in an abusive relationship, it can be very emotionally – and sometimes financially – hard on the people in their lives.
Hotlines can be resources for other service providers. The advocates can act as consultants in domestic violence cases and assist service providers with understanding how best to help a client dealing with violence or give referrals to local programs that may be of assistance.
Although it may be helpful initially for you as a service provider to offer to contact these numbers on behalf of your client, the program staff will usually need to speak with the survivor directly in order to best assess the needs of the family or individual and to explain program requirements.
Community-Based Domestic and Sexual Violence Programs
Community-based DV programs are not the only source of individual counseling and support groups for survivors of DV/SV and their families. Licensed professionals such as social workers, psychologists, and mental health workers who work in private practice or in community health clinics can also be good options, as long as the person has some expertise in the complexity and dynamics of domestic violence. These settings often provide support groups in addition to individual counseling.
The Massachusetts National Association of Social Workers offers a free therapist referral service which includes a listing of the clinical social workers' areas of expertise. With any referral, it is hard to know whether the counselor and client will be a good match.
Domestic Violence Residential Services: Shelters and Transitional Living Programs
DV shelters often operate differently from homeless shelters because of the safety risks to the residents. They might be in a confidential location that is only disclosed to those staying. Also, they might have rules pertaining to curfew or visitation intended to ensure the residents' safety.
Unfortunately, domestic violence shelter beds are often unavailable. Shelters are often full (in MA, there are fewer than 200 DV shelter beds) or are unable to meet the needs of the family, which pushes people into the emergency homeless shelter system (see below). For example, some programs are not equipped to accommodate certain physical, medical, some linguistic, or dietary needs. Increasingly, however there are specialized programs to meet these unique needs.
Also, the person you’re working with might not want to go to a DV shelter. Common reasons include prior negative experiences at DV shelters, safety issues such as knowing someone who works there, not wanting to leave a pet, and tradeoffs associated with relocating.
If a DV shelter is unavailable or not an option for a survivor, it is important for you to brainstorm with the person another place where they may seek safety. Examples of other options include:
In some circumstances, the survivor may feel safe temporarily staying with family, friends, or others.
Some survivors might be able to afford to stay in a hotel/motel for a night or two.
Shelter bed availability changes from day to day. Sometimes if an alternate safe place can be found for a night or two, space will open up in a shelter.
Also, it is possible for a family or individual to seek shelter outside of the state when the shelters within Massachusetts are full. The National Hotline (1-800-799-7233) can provide a referral to a program outside of Massachusetts. In some cases, the survivor might prefer to leave the state as a way to feel safer.
Family shelters typically serve “any group of people that present together for assistance and identify themselves as a family.” The most common configuration served by family shelters is a female head of household and her children. Family shelters provide temporary shelter in either a congregate setting or scattered site housing. Depending on the state, families can stay for several months or even years. For some families, these shelters are the first step toward obtaining a spot into a transitional living program and then in public housing.
Shelters for individuals (a.k.a. unaccompanied adults) serve people who present alone for services. They might have children but they are not seeking shelter for those children. These differ from family shelters in that they typically provide a shelter bed for only one night at a time, meaning that individuals need to leave during the day and reapply for a bed later that day. Overnight shelters vary in terms of whether they are segregated by gender or mixed, “dry” (i.e., must be sober while on premises) or “wet” (i.e., guests can enter the shelter under the influence of substances but cannot actively use while in the shelter), and available to the general homeless or targeted to a specific population (e.g., veterans, unaccompanied youth, people with severe mental illness). Because overnight shelters typically are closed to guests during the day, some programs provide respite from the street in the form of meals, showers, and lockers as well as services such as case management and counseling. These programs are called “day shelters” and typically provide services only during daytime hours.
Many hospitals and health centers have domestic violence programs or dedicated domestic violence advocates. These programs and advocates typically offer safety planning, individual and group support, and information and referrals. They also train medical personnel on how to safely and effectively intervene with survivors.
Survivors can access these programs by contacting a hospital or health center and asking to be connected to the domestic violence services. The programs are usually free and confidential. Participation in the program does not usually appear in the survivor's medical record, although it is recommended that the survivor ask about this to be sure.
Sexual Assault Nurse Examiners (SANE Nurses) are trained to work with survivors of sexual assault.
The SANE nurse conducts an in-depth interview, gathers preliminary history, performs a physical exam, and collects any evidence that is then given to law enforcement.
An important part of a SANE nurse's job is to decrease additional psychological trauma that may be experienced by the survivor during the reporting and examination process.
Employee Assistance Programs
Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) have also been developing expertise in working with survivors of domestic violence in the workplace. Typically, EAPs have been able to offer short-term counseling, information, and referrals to survivors. Additionally, EAPs can help with conflicts that might arise at work related to domestic violence and help a survivor develop a safety plan for the workplace.
Legal and Court Services
Police Departments
Many police departments in Massachusetts (and around the country) have officers who specialize in DV cases as well as civilian DV advocates who are stationed in the department. The DV officer or advocate can assist the survivor with filing a police report for an incident, enforcing a restraining order, or following up on abuse incidents. In an emergency, however, a survivor should work with whichever police officer is available. After an incident, the survivor can contact the DV officer or advocate and update them on the situation. This allows for more consistent response by the police. Please note, however, that if the person using violence is a police officer, this resource may be compromised.
Courts
Survivors can seek support and protection through the district (criminal) court system and probate (family) court system. Frequently, this takes the form of a protection order (restraining order) from the court. It is beyond the scope of this training to explain the detailed process of obtaining a protection order. For more information, please see here.
Survivors of domestic violence can use the probate court to establish custody and visitation orders, and seek divorce. Some probate courts have SafePlan advocates affiliated with DV service providers. Some have "lawyers for the day" who can help self-represented litigants with forms. If possible, it is useful to have legal representation when pursuing probate court assistance. The legal system is fairly complicated to negotiate, and an attorney can provide a buffer between a survivor and abuser.
In most Massachusetts District Courts, there is a Victim Witness Advocate who can assist survivors with restraining orders and providing support through the prosecution of the batterer. To determine if the survivor's local court has a Victim Witness Advocate and to obtain that individual's name, you can call the Massachusetts Office of Victim Assistance (MOVA) at 617-727-5200, which oversees and funds these positions.
Legal Assistance
Survivors who are financially eligible may access a family law attorney through a local legal service agency. Such agencies provide free or reduced-fee legal assistance and often have attorneys who specialize in domestic violence cases.
Some domestic violence programs provide limited legal assistance around specific matters and/or have ongoing relationships with attorneys who provide free or reduced fees.
A resource for those living in MA is MassLegalHelp. It is available in multiple languages and can help with explaining legal proceedings or referral to a lawyer.
Resources for Children
The majority of DV organizations have services for children that mimic the services for adults (e.g., individual counseling). In addition, they also have specialized services targeted toward the unique needs of children who have experienced domestic violence (e.g., designated play spaces, child advocates and counselors).
Child-specific trauma organizations are another great resource for children who have experienced domestic violence. It’s important to connect survivors and their children to services and practitioners who understand the complexity of domestic violence.
See the next section of this unit for several excellent resources.
Visitation Centers
Supervised visitation centers offer a safe and neutral place for non-custodial parents to have visits with their children.
These centers can also act as a location for dual custody parents to transfer the child from one parent to the other.
For information about visitation centers located in Massachusetts, please go to Mass Legal Help at http://www.masslegalhelp.org/domestic-violence/supervised-visitation-centers.
For more general information about visitation centers as well as to locate one outside of Massachusetts, please visit the Supervised Visitation Network at http://www.svnetwork.net/.
Intimate Partner Abuse Education (IPAE), formerly known as Batterer Intervention Programs
The main focus of IPAEs is partner safety while educating abusive partners on power and control with the goal of the member taking responsibility for their actions, ultimately supporting a more equal partnership. This is done by broadening the person’s understanding of what constitutes abuse, recognize its impact, and accept responsibility for one’s abusive actions. IPAEs work to educate on the effect this behavior has on both the person's partner and their children, operating from the belief that stopping violent behavior is ultimately up to the person using abusive behavior. Additionally, partner safety is a major focus. For more info see Mederos 2004.
IPAEs are connected to domestic violence organizations throughout the state and inform the survivor of their partners' progress. A list of BIPs, and a great deal of other helpful information, can be found on this website.
Note: If you are working with a survivor whose partner is enrolled in a IPAE, it's very important that they continue to develop and follow safety plans. Survivors should be made aware that there is no guarantee that attending a IPAE will cause their partner to stop being abusive during the group or resume being abusive once the group ends.
Fatherhood-Involvement Programs and Responsible-Fatherhood Groups
These are evidence-informed groups that support low-income men, typically men of color, enhance their parenting, healthy relationship, and employment skills in a non-judgmental setting. These groups do not explicitly address DV/SV in a substantive way and are not intended to act as a batterer intervention program. Nevertheless, they can be helpful for raising education and awareness about DV/SV and serving as vehicle to connect men who disclose perpetration and victimization experiences with the necessary supports. See here for an example of a Responsible-Fatherhood program.
Please note that these groups just described are NOT part of the "father's rights" or "men's rights" movements.
Couples Counseling
Couples counseling is a controversial and delicate topic. Generally speaking, it is not recommended in most domestic violence cases. Most importantly, this modality might increase the risk of harm for the person being abused. For example, a survivor might feel safe in the therapist's office and disclose details about the abuse and/or other information that can be used against them. A partner who has not renounced abusive behavior is likely to retaliate violently at some point, perhaps even as soon as the couple exits the therapist's office.
Couples counseling can also create a situation in which an abusive partner attempts to negotiate giving up violence and abuse in exchange for unhealthy concessions or compromises from the abused partner (e.g., "I'll stop hitting if you stop disagreeing with me"). Such "compromises" essentially extend that person's control over the survivor and can lead to additional physical and psychological harm.
Finally, even in cases where couples counseling might be beneficial, the amount of time and energy that needs to go into assessing for risk can negate feasibility. However, some scholars and practitioners who argue for couples counseling, stress that it can be helpful in relationships in which coercion, control, and fear are not present.
For a recent review of the pros and cons of couples counseling, please see this article: Maharaj, N. (2017). Perspectives on treating couples impacted by intimate partner violence, Journal of Family Violence, 32, 431–437. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-016-9810-6
National and Local Resources with Contact Information
National Agencies
State & National Hotlines
Domestic and Sexual Violence Agencies in Massachusetts
Culturally-Specific Domestic Violence Agencies and Programs in Massachusetts
Massachusetts State Agencies
Locating Domestic Violence, Sexual Assault, and Homeless Services
Resources for Children Who Experience Domestic Violence
Resources for People who use Violence and Abusive Behaviors Against Partners
Resources for Self-Care and Trauma Informed Care
This concludes the training content. Please click on the Quiz tab at the top of the page to take the quiz and receive your certificate of completion and CEUs (if applicable).