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2.2.U.1 Water molecules are polar and hydrogen bonds form between them
2.2.U.1 Water molecules are polar and hydrogen bonds form between them
Be able to:
Describe the structure of an atom (in terms of protons, neutrons and electrons).
Contrast ion with atom.
Define anion and cation.
Contrast covalent, ionic and hydrogen bonds.
Write the molecular formula for water and draw the atomic structure of the molecule.
Describe the cause and effect of the polar nature of water.
Describe where and how water is able to form hydrogen bonds.
Water molecule formed by hydrogen bonds between oxygen and hydrogen. However sharing of electrons is unequal and are attracted to the oxygen more. Partial negative charge develops on the oxygen and partial positive on the hydrogen. Attraction between water molecules forms a hydrogen bond and forms when a hydrogen atom in one polar molecule is attracted to the slightly negative oxygen atom in the other molecule.
A water molecule consists of an oxygen atom covalently bound to two hydrogen atoms. Since O is more electronegative than H, an unequal sharing of electrons occurs. This creates a polar covalent bond with H having a partial positive charge and O having a partial negative charge.
Water is also bent so the positive charge exists more or less on one side and the negative charge from the O exists on the opposite side. The partial +ve charge is attracted to the partial –ve charge creating an intermolecular attraction between the water molecules called a “Hydrogen bond.”. H-bonds are the strongest of the intermolecular bonding, but is still considered a weak bond; however since there are so many H2O molecules they give water its unique properties and make it essential to life on this planet
2.2.U.2 Hydrogen bonding and dipolarity explain the cohesive, adhesive, thermal and solvent properties of water
2.2.U.2 Hydrogen bonding and dipolarity explain the cohesive, adhesive, thermal and solvent properties of water
Be able to:
Contrast adhesion with cohesion.
Outline an example of the cohesive property of water being of benefit to life.
Outline an example of the adhesive property of water being of benefit to life.
Explain three thermal properties of water that are useful to living organisms.
Outline a benefit to life of water's high specific heat capacity.
Outline a benefit to life of water's high latent heat of vaporization.
Outline a benefit to life of water's high boiling point.
Explain why is water such a good solvent.
List the types of molecules that water will dissolve.
cohesion
hydrogen bonds between polar water molecules cause them to cohere
allowing for transpiration in plants moving water against gravity
surface tension between cohering water molecules
allowing for animals such as water striders to walk over the surface of ponds even though they are denser than water
adhesion
hydrogen bonds between polar water molecules and any other charged or ionic substance cause them to cohere
allowing for transport in an aqueous environment
thermal properties
hydrogen bonds between polar water molecules cause water to resist change
high specific heat (energy required to change water temperature)
high heat of vaporization (energy required to boil water)
high heat of fusion (loss of energy required to freeze water)
thus, water produces a stable environment for aquatic organisms
solvent properties
the polarity of water attracts, or dissolves, any other polar or charged particles by forming hydrogen bonds with them
proteins, glucose, or ions, such as sodium or calcium are all soluble
cytoplasm is primarily water, providing a polar medium in which other polar or charged molecules dissolve
many enzymes are globular proteins that are water soluble so they dissolve in cytoplasm where they control metabolic reactions
2.2.U.3 Substances can be hydrophilic or hydrophobic
2.2.U.3 Substances can be hydrophilic or hydrophobic
Be able to:
State that polar and ionic molecules are hydrophilic.
State that non-polar, non-ionic molecules are hydrophobic.
Given a diagram of a molecular structure, determine if the molecule is hydrophilic or hydrophobic.
Hydrophilic - A substance that has an affinity for water. These substances can interact or be dissolved by water.(Ex. Like Dissolves Like, detergents, alcohols, salts, cotton,)
Hydrophobic - substances that repel to water. They are non-polar and interact well with other non-polar solvents. An example could be molecules are hydrophobic if they don’t have positive or negative charges
2.2.A.1 Comparison of the thermal properties of water with those of methane.
2.2.A.1 Comparison of the thermal properties of water with those of methane.
Be able to:
Compare and contrast the physical properties of methane and water.
Explain why water and methane have different thermal properties based on their molecular structures.
2.2.A.2 Use of water as a coolant in sweat
2.2.A.2 Use of water as a coolant in sweat
Be able to:
Explain sweating as a mechanism to cool the body.
Water can evaporate at temperatures below the boiling point. Hydrogen bonds need to break for this to occur. The evaporation of water cools body surfaces by using the energy from liquid water to break the hydrogen bonds. Sweat uses evaporative cooling to maintain body temperature. As liquids evaporate, they shed molecules into the air. The liquid changes into a gas, drawing heat from the liquid. The process draws heat from the body. Evaporation also cools the remaining liquid because faster-moving hot molecules are more likely to escape into the air.
2.2.A.3 Modes of transport of glucose, amino acids, cholesterol, fats, oxygen and sodium chloride in blood in relation to their solubility in water.
2.2.A.3 Modes of transport of glucose, amino acids, cholesterol, fats, oxygen and sodium chloride in blood in relation to their solubility in water.
Be able to:
State if the following molecules are hydrophobic or hydrophilic: glucose, amino acids, cholesterol, fats, oxygen, and sodium chloride.
Outline the mechanism of transport in the blood of the following molecules: glucose, amino acids, cholesterol, fats, oxygen, and sodium chloride.
The solvent properties of water mean that many different substances can dissolve in it because of its polarity. This allows substances to be carried in the blood and sap of plants as they dissolve in water. It also makes water a good medium for metabolic reactions.
Sodium chloride: ions which dissolve and travel through the blood
Amino acids: Polar and soluble, depending on the R group, soluble enough to be dissolved in blood plasma
Glucose: polar and freely soluble hence carried through blood plasma
Oxygen: Non polar but small enough to dissolve in water in very small amounts that is not enough to satisfy aerobic respiration. Haemoglobin present as binding sites for oxygen.
Fats molecules: Entirely non polar and travel inside lipoprotein complexes which have a single layer of phospholipid also containing proteins.
Cholesterol: Hydrophobic and are carried via lipoprotein complexes with their hydrophilic region facing outwards
Water in Space
Water in Space
Using a potometer
Using a potometer
How to prepare slide of a cross section of a leaf
How to prepare slide of a cross section of a leaf
Extra video and Resources on Water
Extra video and Resources on Water
Below is a humorous look at Homeopathy by Mitchell and Webb
Below is a humorous look at Homeopathy by Mitchell and Webb
Useful Weblinks
Useful Weblinks
Hydrogen bonding
H-bonds in water, from Northland College
The temporary nature of hydrogen bonds in water by St Olaf College
Drawing the structure of water molecules by Stephanie Castle
Polarity of water by Click4Biology
Properties of water
Properties of water by Sunamas Inc.
Properties of water, from Northland College
Molecule polarity simulation from PhET Labs (allow Java to run)
Solubility in water simulation from PhET Labs (allow Java to run)
The thermal, cohesive and solvent properties of water by Stephanie Castle
The relationship between the properties of water and it's uses by Stephanie Castle
Cohesion in water by Click4Biology
Thermal properties of water by Click4Biology
Solubility and transport by water
Water as a solvent by Click4Biology
Dissolving, from Northland College
Dissolving NaCl from PreparatoryChemistry
PhET Labs: Salts and Solubility and also Dissolving Sugars and Salts
Nature of science
Nature of science
Use theories to explain natural phenomena—the theory that hydrogen bonds form between water molecules explains the properties of water. (2.2)
Theory of knowledge
Theory of knowledge
Claims about the “memory of water” have been categorized as pseudoscientific. What are the criteria that can be used to distinguish scientific claims from pseudoscientific claims?
This BBC article discusses could water really have a memory?
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