Taiwan's archaeological landscape has undergone a remarkable transformation over the past two decades, with significant advances in both scientific methodology and institutional frameworks. This session aims to showcase the latest state of research by introducing the achievements and new issues raised by recent archaeological investigations, ranging from the prehistoric to the contemporary era. It presents new insights on the Neolithic period, and explores emerging research pathways on the emergence of the Metal Age. It also examines protohistoric studies on early interactions between foreign actors and Indigenous peoples, as well as recent achievements in historical and colonial archaeology. Furthermore, we will highlight new advances in biological anthropology, and significant changes in archaeological institutions and practice in Taiwan. Ultimately, this session aims not only to introduce the latest research but also to foster a discussion on new theoretical and methodological perspectives that are currently shaping the field of Taiwan archaeology.