Assessing Cremation Variability in Jomon Hunter-Gatherers: An Integrated Macroscopic and Histological Approach

OSAKA Dan1*, NARA Takashi2, SAWADA Junmei2, FURUSAWA Yasushi2, KATO Motoyasu3, and YONEDA Minoru1

This study investigates variability in cremation practices among Jomon hunter-gatherers in prehistoric Japan through an integrated analysis of macroscopic features and bone histology. Distinguishing primary cremation of fleshed remains from secondary burning of dry bone remains is a persistent challenge, particularly in highly fragmented assemblages. We employ two complementary diagnostic indicators: curved transverse fractures (CTFs), which form during burning in the presence of soft tissue but vary in expression depending on anatomical location and burning conditions, and microscopic bioerosion, defined here as microstructural tunnelling caused by microbial activity during decomposition prior to burning. Human and faunal burnt remains from two Late Jomon sites were analysed to assess the relationship between these indicators and the condition of the body at the time of burning. Specimens