Embedded Files
Start up perbehet nga tre procese te lidhur me njeri-tjetrin:
BIOS inicializon dhe kontrollon hardware
boot loader na lejon te zgjedhim nje sistem operativ per ta ngarkuar
ngarkimi i sistemit operativ
BIOS
Biosi perdor nje pjese te diskut te quajtur MBR (Master Boot Record) per te kuptuar cilin loader duhet te ngarkoje. MBR eshte 512 byte dhe permban disa informacione. Informacioni mbi menyren e particionimit te diskut ne 64 byte e pare. Pas kesaj procesi i instalimit vendos boot loader ne pjesen tjeter te MBR.
Ka dy boot loadera ne perdorim: LILO DHE GRUB. GRUB eshte default per UBUNTU dhe REDHAT.
GRUB eshte akronim i Grand Unified Bootloader.
GRUB eshte nje moltiboot loader i cili e lejon te kompjuterin qe te botohet nga sisteme te ndryshme operative perfshire Windows dhe Mac.
GRUB perdor 4 elemente per te startuar sistemin:
nje skedar kerneli
emrin e drive te diskut
numrin e particionit ku ndodhen skedaret e kernelit
ne menyre opsionale nje disk RAM fillestr
Konfigurimi i GRUB
Konfigurimi i GRUB ruhet ne skedarin /boot/grub/grib.conf
Ky skedar mund te ndodhet ne vende te ndryshme ne varesi te versionit te linux per shembull ne Redhat mund te ndidhet ne /boot/grub/grub.conf ndersa ne ubuntu skedari quhet grub.cfg dhe ndodhet ne /boot/grub/grub.cfg.
Nje permbajtje e grub.cfg eshte me poshte
cat grub.cfg
#
# DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE
#
# It is automatically generated by grub-mkconfig using templates
# from /etc/grub.d and settings from /etc/default/grub
#
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/00_header ###
if [ -s $prefix/grubenv ]; then
set have_grubenv=true
load_env
fi
set default="0"
if [ "${prev_saved_entry}" ]; then
set saved_entry="${prev_saved_entry}"
save_env saved_entry
set prev_saved_entry=
save_env prev_saved_entry
set boot_once=true
fi
function savedefault {
if [ -z "${boot_once}" ]; then
saved_entry="${chosen}"
save_env saved_entry
fi
}
function recordfail {
set recordfail=1
if [ -n "${have_grubenv}" ]; then if [ -z "${boot_once}" ]; then save_env recordfail; fi; fi
}
function load_video {
insmod vbe
insmod vga
insmod video_bochs
insmod video_cirrus
}
insmod part_msdos
insmod ext2
set root='(hd0,msdos1)'
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root b20706a9-b905-4f3c-8975-7896365506ac
if loadfont /usr/share/grub/unicode.pf2 ; then
set gfxmode=auto
load_video
insmod gfxterm
insmod part_msdos
insmod ext2
set root='(hd0,msdos1)'
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root b20706a9-b905-4f3c-8975-7896365506ac
set locale_dir=($root)/boot/grub/locale
set lang=en_US
insmod gettext
fi
terminal_output gfxterm
if [ "${recordfail}" = 1 ]; then
set timeout=-1
else
set timeout=10
fi
### END /etc/grub.d/00_header ###
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/05_debian_theme ###
set menu_color_normal=white/black
set menu_color_highlight=black/light-gray
if background_color 44,0,30; then
clear
fi
### END /etc/grub.d/05_debian_theme ###
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###
function gfxmode {
set gfxpayload="${1}"
if [ "${1}" = "keep" ]; then
set vt_handoff=vt.handoff=7
else
set vt_handoff=
fi
}
if [ "${recordfail}" != 1 ]; then
if [ -e ${prefix}/gfxblacklist.txt ]; then
if hwmatch ${prefix}/gfxblacklist.txt 3; then
if [ ${match} = 0 ]; then
set linux_gfx_mode=keep
else
set linux_gfx_mode=text
fi
else
set linux_gfx_mode=text
fi
else
set linux_gfx_mode=keep
fi
else
set linux_gfx_mode=text
fi
export linux_gfx_mode
if [ "${linux_gfx_mode}" != "text" ]; then load_video; fi
menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 3.5.0-25-generic' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os {
recordfail
gfxmode $linux_gfx_mode
insmod gzio
insmod part_msdos
insmod ext2
set root='(hd0,msdos1)'
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root b20706a9-b905-4f3c-8975-7896365506ac
linux /boot/vmlinuz-3.5.0-25-generic root=UUID=b20706a9-b905-4f3c-8975-7896365506ac ro find_preseed=/preseed.cfg noprompt quiet splash $vt_handoff
initrd /boot/initrd.img-3.5.0-25-generic
}
menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 3.5.0-25-generic (recovery mode)' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os {
recordfail
insmod gzio
insmod part_msdos
insmod ext2
set root='(hd0,msdos1)'
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root b20706a9-b905-4f3c-8975-7896365506ac
echo 'Loading Linux 3.5.0-25-generic ...'
linux /boot/vmlinuz-3.5.0-25-generic root=UUID=b20706a9-b905-4f3c-8975-7896365506ac ro recovery nomodeset find_preseed=/preseed.cfg noprompt
echo 'Loading initial ramdisk ...'
initrd /boot/initrd.img-3.5.0-25-generic
}
submenu "Previous Linux versions" {
menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 3.5.0-23-generic' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os {
recordfail
gfxmode $linux_gfx_mode
insmod gzio
insmod part_msdos
insmod ext2
set root='(hd0,msdos1)'
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root b20706a9-b905-4f3c-8975-7896365506ac
linux /boot/vmlinuz-3.5.0-23-generic root=UUID=b20706a9-b905-4f3c-8975-7896365506ac ro find_preseed=/preseed.cfg noprompt quiet splash $vt_handoff
initrd /boot/initrd.img-3.5.0-23-generic
}
menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 3.5.0-23-generic (recovery mode)' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os {
recordfail
insmod gzio
insmod part_msdos
insmod ext2
set root='(hd0,msdos1)'
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root b20706a9-b905-4f3c-8975-7896365506ac
echo 'Loading Linux 3.5.0-23-generic ...'
linux /boot/vmlinuz-3.5.0-23-generic root=UUID=b20706a9-b905-4f3c-8975-7896365506ac ro recovery nomodeset find_preseed=/preseed.cfg noprompt
echo 'Loading initial ramdisk ...'
initrd /boot/initrd.img-3.5.0-23-generic
}
}
### END /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ###
### END /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ###
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/20_memtest86+ ###
menuentry "Memory test (memtest86+)" {
insmod part_msdos
insmod ext2
set root='(hd0,msdos1)'
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root b20706a9-b905-4f3c-8975-7896365506ac
linux16 /boot/memtest86+.bin
}
menuentry "Memory test (memtest86+, serial console 115200)" {
insmod part_msdos
insmod ext2
set root='(hd0,msdos1)'
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root b20706a9-b905-4f3c-8975-7896365506ac
linux16 /boot/memtest86+.bin console=ttyS0,115200n8
}
### END /etc/grub.d/20_memtest86+ ###
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###
if [ "x${timeout}" != "x-1" ]; then
if keystatus; then
if keystatus --shift; then
set timeout=-1
else
set timeout=0
fi
else
if sleep --interruptible 3 ; then
set timeout=0
fi
fi
fi
### END /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/30_uefi-firmware ###
### END /etc/grub.d/30_uefi-firmware ###
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/40_custom ###
# This file provides an easy way to add custom menu entries. Simply type the
# menu entries you want to add after this comment. Be careful not to change
# the 'exec tail' line above.
### END /etc/grub.d/40_custom ###
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/41_custom ###
if [ -f $prefix/custom.cfg ]; then
source $prefix/custom.cfg;
fi
### END /etc/grub.d/41_custom ###
Init
Pas ngarkimit te sistemit eshte programi init i cili eshte pergjigjes per inicializimin e hardware, adresave IP etj.
init eshte pjese e nje metode standarte per startimin dhe fikjen e sistemeve linux te quarjur SysV Init.
SysV eshte njemekanizem per te percaktuar ne cfare gjendje do te jete sistemi ne nje pike te caktuar.
SysV e realizon kete duke u bazuar ne nje koncept qe quhet run-levels. Cdo run-level permban nje liste me programe dhe sherbime dhe nje indikator qe tregon nese sejcili prej tyre duhet startuar aspo fikur. Per shembull gjate ndezjes nga init ndiqet modli i run levels , gjithashtu eshte gjate shutdown, ku programi init e vendos rurn-level=0. Ky run level i tregon sistemit qe te gjithe aplikimet dhe sherbimet duhet te fiken.
SysV ka 7 tun-levels te numeruar nga 0 ne 6. Versione te ndryshme te linux mund te kene konfirgurimet ndryshme ne run-level te ndryshme , por pergijthesisht run-level 0,1 dhe 6 jane te njejte.
Run-level 0 eshte per shut down
run-level 1 eshte single user mode ose maintenance mode.
run-level 6 perdoet kur makina restartohet
Ne ubuntu nivelet 2-5 ekzekutohen te gjithe ne standard multiuser mode.
Manaxhimi i sherbimeve
Daemons jane procese qe ekzekutohen ne background.
Te gjithe proceset ne linux rrjedhin nga nje proces prind.
Startimi dhe ndalimi i sherbimeve
root@ubuntu:/etc/init.d# invoke-rc.d webmin start
root@ubuntu:/etc/init.d#
root@ubuntu:/etc/init.d# invoke-rc.d webmin stop
Stopping Webmin server in /usr/share/webmin
root@ubuntu:/etc/init.d#
Konfigurimi i sherbimeve
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