02 - Users and Groups

student@ubuntu:/$ ls etc/skel

examples.desktop

Nese EXPIRE=-1, e c'aktivizon kete opsion, qe nenkupton qe perdoruesi mund ta ndryshoje password kur ai skadon,ndersa

EXPIRE=0 e bllokon account (disabled) ne momentin qe skadon password, dhe kerkon nderhyrjen e administratorit per ta riaktivizuar.

Opsioni EXPIRE mund te perdoret per te krijuar account te perkohshem, duke percaktuar paraprakisht qe ne momentin e krijimit se kur skadon nje account.

komanda me poshte krijon nje account qe skadon ne 1 prill

root@ubuntu:/# useradd -e 2013-04-01 temp_account

root@ubuntu:/#

Eshte e mundur qe te modifikohen parametrat default te krijimit te nje perdoruesi nepemjet opsioni -D, per shembull

root@ubuntu:/# useradd -D -s /bin/bash

Kemi modifikuar shell qe default te krijimit te userave te ri. Vini re SHELL me poshte

root@ubuntu:/# usr/sbin/useradd -D

GROUP=100

HOME=/home

INACTIVE=-1

EXPIRE=

SHELL=/bin/bash

SKEL=/etc/skel

CREATE_MAIL_SPOOL=no

root@ubuntu:/#

Krijimi i grupeve

Si te shohim se ne cilet grupe eshte anetar nje perdorues?

root@ubuntu:/# id student

uid=1000(student) gid=1000(student) groups=1000(student),4(adm),24(cdrom),27(sudo),30(dip),46(plugdev),108(lpadmin),109(sambashare)

root@ubuntu:/#

Komanda id na afishon detajet e nje account, perfshire grupin e tij primar gid si edhe nje listeme grupet e tjera ne te cdilet ai ben pjese.

root@ubuntu:/# id user1

uid=1001(user1) gid=1000(student) groups=1000(student)

root@ubuntu:/#

ndersa root

root@ubuntu:/# id root

uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root)

root@ubuntu:/#

Fjalekalimet (password)

Per te ndryshuar fjalekalimin mund te perdorim komanden passwd

Me kredencialet e root mund te ndryshojme password e perdoruesve te tjere, psh

student@ubuntu:~$ passwd user1

passwd: You may not view or modify password information for user1.

student@ubuntu:~$ sudo passwd user1

[sudo] password for student:

Enter new UNIX password:

Retype new UNIX password:

passwd: password updated successfully

student@ubuntu:~$

C'aktivizimi i perkohshem i perdoruesve

Shembulli me poshte i ben lock password te perdotruesit user1, duke mos i lejuar atij te logohet ne sistem.

student@ubuntu:~$ sudo passwd -l user1

passwd: password expiry information changed.

student@ubuntu:~$

Opsioni -u e ben password unlck duke i lejuar serish perdoruesit te logohet ne sistem:

student@ubuntu:~$ sudo passwd -u user1

[sudo] password for student:

passwd: password expiry information changed.

student@ubuntu:~$ sudo login user1

Password:

Last login: Thu Mar 7 05:29:07 CET 2013 on pts/2

Welcome to Ubuntu 12.04.2 LTS (GNU/Linux 3.5.0-25-generic i686)

* Documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com/

29 packages can be updated.

14 updates are security updates.

$

Ruajtja e te dhenave te perdoruesve dhe grupeve

Te dhenat per accountet duhen ne tre skedare:

• • /etc/passwd

  • /etc/shadow

  • /etc/group

Keto skedari nuk modifikohen ne menyre te drejtperdrejte por nepermjet komandave qe kemi ilustruar deri me tani.

Per shembll skedari passwdm, ka informacione si me poshte:

student@ubuntu:/$ cat /etc/passwd

root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash

daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh

.....................................

Mesazhe ne login

Mesazhi i login qe shfaqet kur perdoruesi logohet nga nje terminal lokalisht ruhet ne skedarin /etc/issue ndersa mesazhi i login qe shfaqet kur perdoruesi logohet nepermjer nje terminali ssh ruhet ne /etc/issue.net.

Komanda me poshte shton nje tekst ne mesazhin qe i shfaqet perdoruesit ne momentin e login nga terminal.

root@ubuntu:/# cat >> /etc/issue

ICT Education Linux Course

root@ubuntu:/# cat /etc/issue

************************************************

************************************************

VMware Easy Install

PLEASE WAIT! VMware Tools is currently being

installed on your system. Depending on the

version of Ubuntu you are installing, you may

log in below and use the system during the

installation. Otherwise, please wait for the

graphical environment to launch. Thank you.

************************************************

************************************************

ICT Education Linux Course

root@ubuntu:/#

Ndersa komanda me poshte shton nje tekst ne mesazhin qe i shfaqet perdoruesit ne momentin e login nga rrjeti me secure shell.

root@ubuntu:/# cat /etc/issue.net

Ubuntu 12.04.2 LTS

root@ubuntu:/# cat >> /etc/issue.net

ICT Education student

root@ubuntu:/#

root@ubuntu:/# cat >> /etc/issue.net

root@ubuntu:/#

root@ubuntu:/# cat /etc/issue.net

Ubuntu 12.04.2 LTS

ICT Education student

root@ubuntu:/#

Editoret e tekstit

VIM

Instalimi i VIM

sudo apt-get install vim-gnome

useradd vs adduser

Ne Debian ose Ubuntu , useradd eshte nje komande e sistemit qe mund te perdoret per te shtuar perdorues ose per te percaktuar parametrat default te krijimit te tyre,

Nga ana tjeter adduser eshte nje skript ne perl , i cili perdor komanden useradd per te krijuar nje llogari te nje perdoruesi duke ofruar nje nderfaqe ne formen e nje wizard, si ne shembullin me poshte:

root@ubuntu:/home/student# adduser ictedu

Adding user `ictedu' ...

Adding new group `ictedu' (1006) ...

Adding new user `ictedu' (1008) with group `ictedu' ...

Creating home directory `/home/ictedu' ...

Copying files from `/etc/skel' ...

Enter new UNIX password:

Retype new UNIX password:

Sorry, passwords do not match

passwd: Authentication token manipulation error

passwd: password unchanged

Try again? [y/N] y

Enter new UNIX password:

Retype new UNIX password:

passwd: password updated successfully

Changing the user information for ictedu

Enter the new value, or press ENTER for the default

Full Name []: ICT

Room Number []:

Work Phone []:

Home Phone []:

Other []:

Is the information correct? [Y/n] Y

Si te shohim listen e userave?

root@ubuntu:/home/student# cat /etc/passwd | grep /home/

syslog:x:101:103::/home/syslog:/bin/false

student:x:1000:1000:ICT Education,,,:/home/student:/bin/bash

usbmux:x:108:46:usbmux daemon,,,:/home/usbmux:/bin/false

saned:x:112:124::/home/saned:/bin/false

user1:x:1001:1000:user1:/home/user1:/bin/sh

john:x:1002:100:john smith:/home/john:/bin/sh

luli:x:1003:100::/home/luli:/bin/sh

enila:x:1002:100:enila:/home/enila:/bin/sh

john smith:x:1003:100::/home/john smith:/bin/sh

temp_account:x:1004:1004::/home/temp_account:/bin/sh

amanda:x:1005:1001:Amanda Jones,,,:/home/amanda:/bin/bash

mi:x:1006:1002:mimi,,,:/home/mi:/bin/bash

endri:x:1007:1003:,,,:/home/endri:/bin/bash

ictedu:x:1008:1006:ICT,,,:/home/ictedu:/bin/bash

root@ubuntu:/home/student#