Development
VI. Industrialization and Economic Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13–17%
A. Growth and diffusion of industrialization: process of industrial development in which countries evolve economically, from producing basic, primary goods to using modern factories for mass-producing goods.
1. The changing roles of energy and technology
2. Industrial Revolution: the rapid economic and social changes in manufacturing that resulted after the introduction of the factory system to the textile industry at the end of the 18th century.
3. Models of economic development: Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth: describes a country's progression which occurs in five stages transforming them from least-developed developed to most-developed countries.
and Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory: explains the emergence of a core, periphery, and semi-periphery in terms of economic and political connections first established at the beginning of exploration in the late 15th century and maintained through increased economic access up until the present.
4. Geographic critiques of models of industrial location: bid rent, Weber’s
comparative costs of transportation and industrial location in relation to
resources: Weber's Least-cost theory:the optimal location of a manufacturing establishment in relation to the costs of transport and labor, and the relative advantages of agglomeration or deglomeration.
location of retailing and service industries
-Brick-and-mortar business: traditional businesses with actual stores in which trade or retail occurs
-Bulk gaining industries: products weight more after assembly than they did previously in their constituent parts. Factories are close to the markets. Ex. soda
-Bulk reducing industries: products weigh less than their constituent parts. Factories are close to the source of the raw materials. Ex. oil refineries for gasoline
-Cottage industry: production of goods and services is based in homes, as opposed to factories.
-Footloose firms: manufacturing in which cost of transporting both raw materials and finished product is not important for determining the location of the firm. These can be located anywhere.
-Maquiladoras: US firms that have factories just outside the US/Mexico border in areas that have been specially designated by the Mexican government. Goods cheaply assembled for export back to the US.
and local economic development within competitive global systems of corporations and finance
B. Social and economic measures of development
1. Gross domestic product: total value of goods and services produced within the borders of a country during a specific time period, usually one year. and GDP per capita (one year)
2. Human Development Index: calculates development not in terms of money or productivity but in terms of human welfare. Based on three parameters: Life expectancy, education, and income.
3. Gender Inequality Index: a composite measure which captures the loss of achievement, within a country, due to gender inequality, and uses three dimensions to do so: reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market participation.
4. Income disparity and the Gini coefficient: a measure of statistical dispersion intended to represent the income distribution of a nation's residents.
5. Changes in fertility and mortality
6. Access to health care, education, utilities, and sanitation
C. Contemporary patterns and impacts of industrialization and development
1. Spatial organization of the world economy
2. Variations in levels of development (uneven development)
3. Deindustrialization: loss of industrial activity in a region.
-Rust Belt: manufacturing region in the US that is currently debilitated because many manufacturing firms relocated to countries offering cheaper labor and relaxed environmental regulations.
economic restructuring, and the rise of service and high technology economies
4. Globalization, manufacturing in newly industrialized countries (NICs),
and the international division of labor
5. Natural resource depletion, pollution, and climate change
6. Sustainable development: people living today should be able to meet their needs without prohibiting the ability of future generations.
7. Government development initiatives: local, regional, and national policies
8. Women in development and gender equity in the workforce
