Population
II . Population and Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13–17%
A . Geographical analysis of population
1 . Density: the number of people in a particular land area.
-Arithmetic density (population density): total number of people divided by the total land area.
-Physiological density: number of people per unit of arable land.
-Agricultural density: number of farmers per unit of arable land.
distribution: pattern of people across Earth's surface. Throughout human history, people have been unevenly distributed.
scale: geographers analyze population trends at multiple scales, from global levels of inquiry to sub-global scales of inquiry.
2 . Implications of various densities and distributions
3 . Composition: age, sex, income, education, and ethnicity
4 . Patterns of fertility, mortality, and health
-Crude birth rate (CBR): number of live births per 1,000 people in a year.
-Crude death rate (CDR): number of deaths per 1,000 people in a year.
-Rate of natural increase (RNI): the growth rate of a population, excluding immigration and emigration.
-Infant mortality rate (IMR): number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births in a year.
-Life expectancy: average number of years to be lived by a person.
-Total fertility rate (TFR): predicted number of births a woman will have as she passes through her fertile years.
2.1-2.5 is considered replacement level, meaning that the population will remain stable.
B . Population growth and decline over time and space
1 . Historical trends and projections for the future
-Approximately 10,000-12,000 years ago, the First Agricultural Revolution gave humans the ability to domesticate crops
and build settlements through farming, rather than hunting and gathering.
-Thereafter, cities began to develop and population began to grow at faster rates.
-1700s, the Industrial Revolution, facilitated the growth of new technologies and industry. During this time was also the
Second Agricultural Revolution, which improved crop fertilization and storage capacities.
-Projections for the Future: the United Nations (UN) created various growth scenarios to predict future growth.
-low growth scenario: predicts the Earth's population will begin declining, reaching 7.5 billion in 2050
and 5.1 billion by 2100.
-high growth scenario: predicts the Earth's population will be 11 billion by 2050 and rising to 16 billion by 2100.
-medium growth scenario (most popular): predicts the Earth's population 9 billion by 2050 and 9.4 billion by 2100.
2 . Theories of population growth and decline, including the Demographic
Transition Model: model that explains and predicts changes in population (or demographic) growth.
-Predicts changes in CBR, CDR, and RNI. Based on the assumption that economics drive demographic change.
-Stage 1: Low Growth (High Stationary) Stage
-Stage 2: High Growth (Expanding) Stage
-Stage 3: Moderate Growth (Expanding) Stage
-Stage 4: Low Growth (Low Stationary) Stage
3 . Regional variations of demographic transition
4 . Effects of national population policies: promoting population growth in
some countries or reducing fertility rates in others
-Pro-natalist (or expansive): promote reproduction and bigger families.
Example: Tax break for families with children.
-Anti-natalist (or restrictive): discourage reproduction and try to reduce population growth.
Example: China's one-child policy, which punished families for having more than one child.
5 . Environmental impacts of population change on water use, food supplies,
biodiversity, the atmosphere, and climate
6 . Population and natural hazards: impacts on policy, economy, and society
