The 3dsMax 2009 built-in documentation refers to a file called "bvh.rtf" which, the documentation implies, is on the 3dsMax release DVD or hidden somewhere in your 3dsMax directory structure. I managed to track down a copy of what seems to be the most recent (early 2009) version of this file, so I'll put it here for reference. This file describes in detail what the joint structure of a BVH file needs to look like for 3dsMax Biped import to work with it.
The information below is from Autodesk, not cgspeed.com, and I provide it here simply as a courtesy to Max and BVH users.
- Bruce
___________________________________________________________________________
CS/MAX8 BVH File Format Specification
Character Studio for MAX8 has many new enhancements for BVH import:
1)Support for up to 7 spine links.
The naming convention is: Chest, Chest2, Chest3, Chest4, Chest5, Chest6, Chest7
“Chest” is the first link at the base of the pelvis.
2)Support for optional finger data. The fingers may have up to 3 links each (0,1,2), and the
naming convention is as follows (with Finger0 representing the thumb across to Finger4 that
represents the pinky finger):
Link 0 Link1 Link 2
-------- ------- ---------
Right Thumb: RightFinger0, RightFinger01, RightFinger02,
Right Finger1: RightFinger1, RightFinger11, RightFinger12,
Right Finger2: RightFinger2, RightFinger21, RightFinger22,
Right Finger3: RightFinger3, RightFinger31, RightFinger32,
Right Finger4: RightFinger4, RightFinger41, RightFinger42,
Left Thumb: LeftFinger0, LeftFinger01, LeftFinger02,
Left Finger1: LeftFinger1, LeftFinger11, LeftFinger12,
Left Finger2: LeftFinger2, LeftFinger21, LeftFinger22
Left Finger3: LeftFinger3, LeftFinger31, LeftFinger32
Left Finger4: LeftFinger4, LeftFinger41, LeftFinger42
3)Support for optional bending toes:
The naming convention is: RightToe and LeftToe
4)Support for independent neck motion data
Unlike previous versions, the neck rotations are correctly imported onto the biped figure.
General Information
Biped provides direct input of BVH files from disk, including comprehensive key-frame
reduction and footstep extraction to provide a fast and accurate means of import for
large volumes of rotational data stored in the BVH format.
Biped uses rotational data stored in the BVH format to pose a Biped character
on a frame-by-frame basis and to move it forward in time. During import, XYZ Euler
joint rotations stored in the BVH file are used to derive Quaternion bone rotation
data for the biped at each frame.
Once imported, BVH-based animations can be saved out as native Biped .bip files,
providing access to a comprehensive set of animation, layered editing, retargeting
and structural modification features that are built directly into Biped.
Overview of BVH-supported Hierarchy and Naming
Biped supports a specific BVH hierarchy and naming scheme, as generated by BioVision
Motion Capture Studios. This specific hierarchy allows for automatic mapping of BVH
data to the Biped character.
Parsing order of sibling nodes in the hierarchy is arbitrary. That is, the order of
sibling nodes can be altered as long as their parent-child relationships do not change.
The supported hierarchy and required node/bone names are listed below. Note that an a
lternative naming scheme for some nodes is shown in (). The {} notation is used to
clarify the parent-child hierarchy between nodes.
Hips {
LeftHip (LeftUpLeg) {
LeftKnee (LeftLowLeg) {
LeftAnkle (LeftFoot) {
End Site {}
} } }
RightHip (RightUpLeg) {
RightKnee (RightLowLeg) {
RightAnkle (RightFoot) {
End Site {}
} } }
Chest {
LeftCollar {
LeftShoulder (LeftUpArm) {
LeftElbow (LeftLowArm) {
LeftWrist (LeftHand) {
End Site {}
} } } }
RightCollar {
RightShoulder (RightUpArm) {
RightElbow (RightLowArm) {
RightWrist (RightHand) {
End Site {}
} } } }
Neck {
Head {
End Site {}
} } } }
Character Studio Marker Name File (MNM)
The Character Studio Marker Name file is generally used to match custom marker
names in the CSM file with Biped preset list of known, supported marker names.
When importing bvh motion capture files, the mnm file can also be used to specify
an alternative naming scheme for Biped's fixed hierarchy supported joints (as listed above).
The general syntax of the MNM file consists of two columns of names.
The left column corresponds to Biped's known BVH joint names.
The column on the right corresponds to the custom joint names stored in a specific BVH file.
There should be an entry for every custom BVH joint name in the BVH file. For
completeness, all BVH joints can be listed and correlated to internal Biped
names, even if the names are identical.
The listing below is an "identity" listing of fixed versus custom joint name
(the columns on the left and right are identical).
Optional (missing) marker name entries not in the BVH file can be omitted from the
MNM marker file.
This list can be easily copied and modified (via the right column) for each unique
motion capture session sample. New CS/MAX8 supported bones are highlighted in bold.
Hips
LeftHip lfemur
LeftKnee ltibia
LeftAnkle lfoot
LeftToe ltoe
RightHip rfemur
RightKnee rtibia
RightAnkle rfoot
RightToe rtoe
Chest upperback
Chest2 thorax
Chest3 spine_bone3
Chest4 spine_bone4
.
.
.
Chest7 spine_bone7
LeftCollar lshoulderjoint
LeftShoulder lhumerus
LeftElbow lradius
LeftWrist lwrist
LeftFinger0 lThumb_0Bone
LeftFinger01 lThumb_1Bone
LeftFinger02 lThumb_2Bone
LeftFinger1 lfinger1_0Bone
LeftFinger11 lfinger1_1Bone
LeftFinger12 lfinger1_2Bone
.
.
.
LeftFinger4 lfinger4_0Bone
LeftFinger41 lfinger4_1Bone
LeftFinger42 lfinger4_2Bone
RightCollar rshoulderjoint
RightShoulder rhumerus
RightElbow rradius
RightWrist rwrist
RightFinger0 rThumb_0Bone
RightFinger01 rThumb_1Bone
RightFinger02 rThumb_2Bone
RightFinger1 rfinger1_0Bone
RightFinger11 rfinger1_1Bone
RightFinger12 rfinger1_2Bone
.
.
.
RightFinger4 rfinger4_0Bone
RightFinger41 rfinger4_1Bone
RightFinger42 rfinger4_2Bone
head head
neck neck
Establishing a Correct Neutral Pose
In creating a BVH file that can be read into Character Studio Biped and displayed
correctly, it is critical that the effective neutral pose of the BVH match Biped's
neutral pose. That is, the hierarchy, bone lengths, and initial rotations
specified in the HIERARCCHY section of the BVH file must create a figure that
matches the default pose of a newly-created Biped figure. The initial pose
for Biped places the biped figure upright along the +Z axis, facing "forward"
along the -Y axis, left hand on the +X axis. Hands are oriented with palms
against the outside thighs, with thumb on the forward side; fingers and thumb
of each hand outstretched (open) facing "down" along the -Z axis. Legs are
together and straight at the knees.
A correctly oriented BVH file can be verified by setting all rotational values
in the first frame of the MOTION section to zeroes. When all joint rotation
values are set to zero for the first frame of the BVH file, the results
displayed at frame zero in Biped, after import, should match the default
position of the Biped exactly.
General BVH File Structure
The BVH file is divided into two major sections: HIERARCHY and MOTION.
The HIERARCHY section describes the joint-to-joint connections and offsets
for the sampled motion data.
The MOTION section describes the movement of these individual joints on a
per-sample basis.
CHANNELS information listed within a specific node of the HIERARCHY section
signals the existence of corresponding XYZ data streams in the MOTION section
which follows. CHANNELS information represents the bulk of the BVH file data.
In the MOTION section, each row contains data values for all CHANNELS which
were specified in the HIERARCHY. Each successive row contains a single time
sample for all CHANNELS. The listing order of CHANNELS values in each
row in the MOTION section is implicitly assumed to match their listed
order from the HIERARCHY section (top down).
All string names must appear exactly as shown below, with the exception of
nodes names (e.g. LeftHip, LeftKnee, etc) for which alternative naming
schemes have been listed above.
CHANNELS data that corresponds to unrecognized JOINT names will be ignored.
The [] notation indicates values or strings that should be used in the actual file.
---------------------------- File Starts Here ---------------------
HIERARCHY
ROOT Hips
{
OFFSET [x_float] [y_float] [z_float]
CHANNELS 6 Xposition Yposition Zposition Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
JOINT LeftHip
{
OFFSET [x_float] [y_float] [z_float]
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
JOINT LeftKnee
{
OFFSET [x_float] [y_float] [z_float]
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
JOINT LeftAnkle
{
OFFSET [x_float] [y_float] [z_float]
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
End Site
{
OFFSET [x_float] [y_float] [z_float]
}
}
}
}
JOINT RightHip
{
OFFSET [x_float] [y_float] [z_float]
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
JOINT RightKnee
{
OFFSET [x_float] [y_float] [z_float]
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
JOINT RightAnkle
{
OFFSET [x_float] [y_float] [z_float]
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
End Site
{
OFFSET [x_float] [y_float] [z_float] }
}
}
}
JOINT Chest
{
OFFSET [x_float y_float z_float]
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
JOINT LeftCollar
{
OFFSET [x_float y_float z_float]
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
JOINT LeftShoulder
{
OFFSET [x_float y_float z_float]
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
JOINT LeftElbow
{
OFFSET [x_float y_float z_float]
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
JOINT LeftWrist
{
OFFSET [x_float y_float z_float]
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
End Site
{
OFFSET [x_float y_float z_float]
}
}
}
}
}
JOINT RightCollar
{
OFFSET [x_float y_float z_float]
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
JOINT RightShoulder
{
OFFSET [x_float y_float z_float]
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
JOINT RightElbow
{
OFFSET [x_float y_float z_float]
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
JOINT RightWrist
{
OFFSET [x_float y_float z_float]
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
End Site
{
OFFSET [x_float y_float z_float]
}
}
}
}
}
JOINT Neck
{
OFFSET [x_float y_float z_float]
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
JOINT Head
{
OFFSET [x_float y_float z_float]
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
End Site
{
OFFSET [x_float y_float z_float]
}
}
}
}
}
MOTION
Frames: [number_of_time_samples_to_follow]
Frame Time: [0.033333]
[samp1_chan1_float] [samp1_chan2_float] ... [samp1_chanN_float]
[samp2_chan1_float] [samp2_chan2_float] ... [samp2_chanN_float]
...
[sampN_chan1_float] [sampN_chan2_float] ... [sampN_chanN_float]
------------ end of file ----------------------------------
Example Biped-supported BVH File with 3 independent spine links, toes, and fingers
-----to test: cut here and paste into “test.bvh” file------------------------
HIERARCHY
ROOT Hips
{
OFFSET 0.355103 3.94642 -0.808935
CHANNELS 6 Xposition Yposition Zposition Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
JOINT Chest
{
OFFSET 0 0.113126 -0.0348888
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
JOINT Chest2
{
OFFSET 0 0.612861 0.000119536
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
JOINT Chest3
{
OFFSET 0 0.462725 -0.000241021
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
JOINT Neck
{
OFFSET 0 0.777749 -0.0738766
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
JOINT Head
{
OFFSET 0 0.367648 0.0876601
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
End Site
{
OFFSET 0 0.745028 0.147526
}
}
}
JOINT LeftCollar
{
OFFSET 0.156441 0.698731 -0.0440271
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
JOINT LeftUpArm
{
OFFSET 0.372121 -0.135441 0
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
JOINT LeftLowArm
{
OFFSET 0.637882 -0.767829 -0.0108791
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
JOINT LeftHand
{
OFFSET 0.584657 -0.703957 0.0313351
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
JOINT LeftFinger0
{
OFFSET 0.0406017 -0.101629 0.146634
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
JOINT LeftFinger01
{
OFFSET 0.0456647 -0.14047 0.110699
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
End Site
{
OFFSET 0.0553814 -0.113069 0.0336022
}
}
}
JOINT LeftFinger1
{
OFFSET 0.250233 -0.250471 0.124973
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
JOINT LeftFinger11
{
OFFSET 0.0819137 -0.105314 0.0107667
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
End Site
{
OFFSET 0.028819 -0.124616 0.00914457
}
}
}
JOINT LeftFinger2
{
OFFSET 0.257071 -0.258304 -0.0439469
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
JOINT LeftFinger21
{
OFFSET 0.0653642 -0.130915 0.00458132
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
End Site
{
OFFSET 0.00283215 -0.146002 0.00347374
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
JOINT RightCollar
{
OFFSET -0.156439 0.698732 -0.0440276
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
JOINT RightUpArm
{
OFFSET -0.372121 -0.13544 0
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
JOINT RightLowArm
{
OFFSET -0.637885 -0.767827 -0.0108808
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
JOINT RightHand
{
OFFSET -0.584659 -0.703956 0.0313335
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
JOINT RightFinger0
{
OFFSET -0.0406021 -0.101629 0.146634
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
JOINT RightFinger01
{
OFFSET -0.0456653 -0.14047 0.110699
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
End Site
{
OFFSET -0.0553819 -0.113069 0.0336021
}
}
}
JOINT RightFinger1
{
OFFSET -0.250233 -0.250471 0.124972
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
JOINT RightFinger11
{
OFFSET -0.081914 -0.105313 0.0107665
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
End Site
{
OFFSET -0.0288194 -0.124616 0.00914448
}
}
}
JOINT RightFinger2
{
OFFSET -0.257071 -0.258303 -0.0439476
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
JOINT RightFinger21
{
OFFSET -0.0653643 -0.130915 0.00458113
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
End Site
{
OFFSET -0.00283254 -0.146002 0.00347371
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
JOINT LeftHip
{
OFFSET 0.366705 0 0
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
JOINT LeftLowLeg
{
OFFSET -0.0516087 -1.73613 -0.0200994
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
JOINT LeftFoot
{
OFFSET -0.0454942 -1.5773 -0.111522
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
JOINT LeftToe
{
OFFSET 0.0265494 -0.371667 0.383426
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
End Site
{
OFFSET 0.0216431 0 0.312564
}
}
}
}
}
JOINT RightHip
{
OFFSET -0.366705 0 0
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
JOINT RightLowLeg
{
OFFSET 0.0516041 -1.73613 -0.0200993
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
JOINT RightFoot
{
OFFSET 0.0454903 -1.5773 -0.111522
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
JOINT RightToe
{
OFFSET -0.0265514 -0.371667 0.383426
CHANNELS 3 Zrotation Xrotation Yrotation
End Site
{
OFFSET -0.021644 0 0.312564
}
}
}
}
}
}
MOTION
Frames: 4
Frame Time: 0.0333333
0.186767 3.91862 -0.443967 -0.882252 1.84828
-1.64638 0.0659705 0.161547 -0.297068
0.0851066 0.258282 -0.475434 0.106243 0.32265
-0.594412 1.02206 -2.08568 0.37822 2.02006
-4.15309 0.907096 20.9573 1.52272 4.69015 23.7097
-10.0718 5.07481 4.19437 -6.9713 -1.4365
-9.04738 4.50705 3.96434 5.07193 6.97702 8.69036
-5.59548 -13.2114 -8.70983 -26.9741 4.06586
2.18869 -36.5562 2.50153 -1.52111 -14.8409 0.424898
-0.337248 -37.081 1.08577 -0.563483
-20.5514 -0.943333 3.96504 -28.0064 -7.36905 -7.48025
-4.45858 -10.4609 -3.57536 2.66011
5.5298 -4.70457 -21.8438 -14.1597 -13.113 7.12214
-15.9554 10.8377 24.2152 2.87098 -1.21089
34.2697 2.32153 1.47545 13.6045 0.389237 0.316215 35.1744
1.02332 0.552501 10.3939 -2.65556 1.5291
0.384103 0.965636 5.33499 -8.35851 0.912035 0.63068
-0.00326704 0.0471816 9.36283e-007 -6.55988
-2.62101 -4.41285 -0.484818 1.42671 -6.75701 6.41962
0.954417 -0.479308 -0.0635083 -0.917054 -0.000500319
0.185259 3.91844 -0.443769 -0.909038 1.9051 -1.63335
0.0698739 0.169003 -0.308446 0.0919596 0.270174
-0.493674 0.114814 0.337487 -0.617228 0.933323 -2.1512
0.375639 1.84266 -4.28632 0.890751 20.7859
1.47879 4.57826 24.3971 -9.21427 4.74322 4.5923 -3.8843
-6.17871 -13.7096 4.61051 4.19751 1.64758
8.34833 7.16695 -5.50287 -13.0356 -8.57835 -22.6987
4.00248 2.15185 -28.0452 1.84 -1.31521 -10.4381
0.299197 -0.25876 -28.2755 0.798346 -0.495584 -20.7318
-1.00668 4.14057 -28.0753 -7.72909 -8.35309
-4.43778 -8.50148 -0.0829734 4.50999 6.5029 -5.65706
-20.6273 -12.5854 -12.5456 6.70966 -15.241
10.2696 23.5121 2.84881 -1.21929 32.8677 2.21171 1.44393
12.881 0.368428 0.303533 33.7272 0.975695
0.542809 10.4449 -2.70049 1.57912 0.379237 0.948679 5.26743
-8.34136 0.931725 0.630188 -0.00480122
0.0693378 2.30427e-006 -6.51384 -2.6449 -4.43749 -0.48451
1.3824 -6.76411 6.45626 0.959172 -0.482331
-0.0617148 -0.891161 -0.000472244
0.18378 3.91826 -0.442936 -0.943707 2.00496 -1.61155
0.0767651 0.154166 -0.331402 0.101772 0.246375
-0.530435 0.127068 0.307692 -0.663179 0.86168
-2.17526 0.41929 1.6957 -4.33503 0.967533 20.7207
1.47345 4.57063 25.0001 -9.11527 5.14494 5.27656
-1.24288 -11.0096 -18.8196 5.0239 4.83549
-1.40115 9.74054 5.90934 -5.28589 -12.6195 -8.26909
-17.5893 3.92339 2.11418 -17.873 1.10002
-0.944228 -5.15526 0.156881 -0.152204 -17.7105 0.472246
0.357323 -20.9599 -1.14225 4.53045 -28.1119
-7.69388 -9.10778 -4.69874 -5.67933 4.59475 6.47075
6.92324 -6.16068 -17.9969 -10.2858 -11.1127 6.0675
-14.0895 9.37527 21.4053 2.78306 -1.24609 28.6669 1.88773
1.33355 10.7163 0.307148 0.264031 29.3979
0.834875 0.506676 10.52 -2.77796 1.76478 0.367458 0.935521
5.09504 -8.3907 0.909251 0.633092
-0.00579624 0.0837076 3.50867e-006 -6.44586 -2.70615
-4.36519 -0.490749 1.34725 -6.86903 6.42257
0.956543 -0.479598 -0.0603795 -0.871882 -0.000451867
0.182163 3.91827 -0.441332 -0.97265 2.14377
-1.5594 0.0783924 0.125946 -0.329994 0.103288
0.201219 -0.528198 0.128956 0.251244 -0.66036 0.81425
-2.19708 0.426293 1.60012 -4.37963 0.974826
20.7647 1.45991 4.5227 25.3242 -9.60225 5.95316 6.07586
0.613846 -15.1723 -22.431 5.64043 5.7521
-4.20675 11.8436 5.5206 -4.75266 -11.5696 -7.50178
-13.2057 3.85309 2.0876 -9.14296 0.525782
-0.525905 -0.615962 0.0428758 -0.0505077 -8.63247
0.216326 -0.192413 -21.1502 -1.18742 4.64377
-28.172 -7.64815 -9.61196 -5.32879 -2.75455 9.76647
8.56034 7.72017 -7.07087 -14.2266 -7.60985
-9.0033 5.8317 -13.6541 9.04365 18.4778 2.69341
-1.2873 22.8296 1.45274 1.14141 7.70314 0.224427
0.205257 23.372 0.644253 0.438918 10.5907 -2.88858
1.88129 0.358622 0.908691 4.97038 -8.42551 0.898283
0.635345 -0.00481386 0.0695204 2.31801e-006 -6.37896
-2.79166 -4.28458 -0.498999 1.31693 -7.00317 6.37356
0.936778 -0.475203 -0.0624271 -0.901444 -0.000483296
-----end cut here----------------
GENERAL NOTES ABOUT GETTING PRECISE BVH CONVERSION OF LIMBS
---------------------------------------------------------------
BIPED has built in anthropomorphic constraints that require that:
* Elbows and Knees are one degree-of-freedom hinge joints. The axis of
rotation of the hinge should ideally always be perpendicular to the arm's
shoulder-elblow-wrist triangle and the leg's hip-knee-ankle triangle.
Therefore, its ideal if the BVH Euler angles for the leg and arm bones
match this orientation constraint with no added twists or deviations.
If the hinge joint constraint is violated, BIPED's converter must decide
whether to satisfy the orientation data or satisfy the elbow/knee
positioning based solely on the point locations.
In the Mocap Conversion Parameters Dialogue Box:
If the "Angle" radio button is specified, the limb's triangle attempts
to match the hinge to the Euler matrix axes. This may deviate from the position posture.
If the "Point" radio button is specified, the limb's triangle matches
the positions of the actual points. This may deviate from the specified
Euler angle matrix.
However, in both cases, the limb always moves to hit the IK position of the
wrist or ankle, so if Euler angles are given that are not aligned with the
natural hinge joint, the axis is projected to nearest axis that satisfies
the wrist/ankle IK constraint (that is, one axis must be normal to the line
joining the arm's shoulder-wrist or the leg's hip-ankle).