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1. Historians and archaeologists describe historical events and issues from the perspectives of people living at the time in order to avoid evaluating the past in terms of today’s norms and values.
1. I can explain Historical Empathy and provide reasons why historians use it to evaluate the past.
2. I can use and evaluate a variety of primary sources, diaries, letters, art, eyewitness accounts, artifacts, and architecture, to demonstrate “Why” things happened in various societies. ALL
2. The civilizations that developed in Greece and Rome had an enduring impact on later civilizations. This legacy includes governance and law, engineering and technology, art and architecture, as well as literature and history. The Roman Empire also played an instrumental role in the spread of Christianity.
3. I can explain how Greek invention, art, literature, religion, and architecture impacted their society and societies that followed.
4. I can explain how Rome expanded democracy by creating the first Republic with elected officials and how it sets the foundation for future governments: tripartite government and a system of checks and balances.
5. I can explain the importance of Rome establishing a written system of laws and promoting a sense of civic duty: constitution and role of citizens.
6. I can identify architectural advancements made by Romans that continue to influence the modern world: roads, basilicas, domes, amphitheaters, aqueducts, and city design.
7. I can identify ways in which Rome impacted western civilizations through literature and art: poetry, frescoes, and sculpture.
8. I can explain Rome’s reaction to Christianity, how and why it spreads quickly, and how it is established as the religion of the Empire.
3. The Roman Empire collapsed due to various internal and external factors (political, social and economic) which led to the development of feudalism and the manorial system in the region. The fall of Rome and later invasions also allowed for the creation of new Empires in the region.
9. I can identify reasons for the collapse of the Roman Empire: Germanic invasions, decline of central government, military issues, economy, and corruption.
10. I can explain the need for the feudal and manorial systems to develop: chaos, protection, and survival.
11. I can explain what the manorial system was: conception, classes, maintaining power, and success.
12. I can explain the roles of those involved in a feudal society: Lords, vassals, peasants, and serfs, the Church.
13. I can explain reasons why Constantinople flourished and was so highly desired by the Ottoman Turks when they invaded the Byzantine Empire: Influence of Rome, physical location, economy, military and strategic uses, Silk Road.
4. The Mongols conquered much of Asia which led to unified states in China and Korea. This strengthened trade between Europe and Asia which encouraged cultural diffusion.
14. I can explain how Mongol control of China and Korea strengthened trade and foreign relations.
15. I can identify reasons why China and Korea went back to dynasties and maintained isolation even when involved in trading: overthrowing Mongols and fear of foreign control.
5. Achievements in medicine, science, mathematics and geography by the Islamic civilization dominated most of the Mediterranean after the decline of the Roman Empire. These achievements were introduced into Western Europe as a result of the Muslim conquests, Crusades and trade, influencing the European Renaissance.
16. I can identify contributions made by Muslims that impacted societies that followed: science, mathematics, and medical advancements.
17. I can identify the impact Muslim achievements had on the future of exploration: astronomy advancements, development of the calendar, map making, and navigation skills.
18. I can explain how Islamic achievements and trade expanded as a result of the Crusades and how that a cause the Renaissance.
19. I can identify impacts of the Golden Age of Islam in the Middle East: spread of Islam, treatment of Muslims/non-Muslims, roles of women, learning and culture.
6. The decline of feudalism, the rise of nation states and the Renaissance in Europe introduced revolutionary ideas, leading to cultural, scientific and social changes.
20. I can explain what the Renaissance was and provide reasons why it began in southern Italy before eventually spreading throughout Europe: location, centralized trade, Crusades, and economy.
21. I can explain how thought, learning, art, and science went through a revolutionary transformation and a return to Greco-Roman ideals to change the culture during the Renaissance.
22. I can identify reasons why Renaissance revolutionary thinking conflicted with the Roman Catholic Church.
7. The Reformation introduced changes in religion including the emergence of Protestant faiths and a decline in the political power and social influence of the Roman Catholic Church.
23. I can explain how the Renaissance began to change the Roman Catholic Church: decline in political power and social influence.
24. I can identify where and reasons why the Reformation happened: policies, power, government, corruption, and failure to reform.
25. I can identify the roles of major players of the Reformation: Martin Luther, Zwingli, Pope Leo X, the Medici family, and John Calvin.
26. I can explain the short term and long-term effects of the Reformation: decline in power, societal changes, Protestants, denomination development, Council of Trent, modern day effects.
8. Empires in Africa and Asia grew as commercial and cultural centers along trade routes.
27. I can identify how trade spurred economic and cultural growth in western African Kingdoms as well as what made them desirable for conquest (Ghana, Mali, and Songhai): trade items, gold, religion.
28. I can explain how Timbuktu became a leading commercial and cultural center: Mansu Musa, gold, history of learning.
29. I can identify the founding and reach of the Ottoman Empire.
30. I can explain why trade routes allow for cultural and commercial centers to grow. (Grand Canal/Silk Road)
9. The advent of the trans-Saharan slave trade had profound effects on both West and Central Africa and the receiving societies.
31. I can describe the African slave trade prior to the European involvement: warfare and Arab traders.
32. I can identify how trans-Saharan slaves served, were treated, and how they assimilated into cultures.
33. I can explain how the trans-Saharan slave trade allowed powerful African states to form and gain great wealth.
34. I can explain how the trans-Saharan slave trade leads to the Europeans rationalizing the trans-Atlantic slave trade.
35. I can explain the effects that the trans-Saharan slave trade had on West and Central Africa and the receiving societies.
10. European economic and cultural influence dramatically increased through explorations, conquests and colonization.
36. I can identify how European nations (England, France, Portugal, the Netherlands, and Spain) gained wealth from the resources gained and affected their economies and the economies of the territories they claimed (Americas, Africa, and Asia) through explorations, conquests, and colonization.
37. I can describe how Europeans transformed the culture of new territories: similar government, Christianity, language, technology, weakening native culture.
11. The Columbian Exchange (e.g., the exchange of fauna, flora and pathogens) between previously unconnected parts of the world reshaped societies in ways still evident today.
38. I can explain what the Columbian Exchange is and its global impact culturally and biologically: Columbus, exchange of fauna, flora, and pathogens.
39. I can identify items and diseases exchanged: Europeans, Native Americans, Africans, and Asians.
40. I can explain how cultures on both continents adapted due to the Columbian Exchange: animals integral to Native American, potatoes in Ireland, tomatoes in Italy.
41. I can explain how the Columbian Exchange reshaped unconnected societies in ways still evident today. (Americas, Africa, Europe)
12. Maps and other geographic representations can be used to trace the development of human settlement from past to present.
42. I can identify and explain how geographic tools can be used to trace the development of human settlement from past to present: maps, photographs, satellite-imagery, and geographic information systems.
43. I can describe how tools can show how spatial relationships affect human development: trade routes, transportation networks, religious and political boundaries.
44. I can explain how population density varies based on available resources.
13. Geographic factors promote or impede the movement of people, products and ideas.
45. I can explain what and how geographic factors can promote or impede movement of people (settlement/colonization), products (trade), and ideas (religion/technologies): climate, water, mountains, desert, and natural resources.
14. Trade routes connecting Africa, Europe and Asia helped foster the spread of ideas, technology, goods and major world religions (Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam and Judaism) impacted the Eastern Hemisphere.
46. I can explain how trade routes between, Africa, Asia, and Europe fostered the spread of technology: east (glass, paper, compass, gunpowder) west (gold, precious metals and stones, ivory, textiles) Muslim trader (ornamental weapons, utensils)
47. I can explain how various religions (Christianity, Islam, Buddhism) spread to Europe from the Middle East via trade routes and roads established by the Roman Empire, trade routes in African kingdoms and into Asia via the Silk Road.
15. Improvements in transportation, communication and technology have facilitated cultural diffusion among peoples around the world.
48. I can explain how improvements in transportation technologies helped facilitate cultural diffusion: Roman roads help spread Christianity and inventions and improved shipbuilding helped expand exploration.
49. Improvements in communication and technologies helped facilitate cultural diffusion: advancements in paper and printing press help spread ideas (maps, pamphlets, books) and religion (printing Bible helped advance Protestant Reformation)
16. Analyzing individual and group perspectives is essential to understanding historic and contemporary issues. Opportunities for civic engagement exist for students to connect real world issues and events to classroom learning.
50. I can explain the importance of and factors (cultural, ethnic, religious, and geographical factors) using multiple perspectives different groups to understand historical and contemporary issues AND make connections to real-world issues. trans-Atlantic slave trade, colonialism, etc.
17. Greek democracy and the Roman Republic were radical departures from monarchy and theocracy, influencing the structure and function of modern democratic governments.
51. I can describe how the Athenian/Spartan forms of democracy/oligarchy invested powers with its citizens, requirements to be a citizen and the citizens’ responsibilities, not a single ruler.
52. I can explain how the Roman Republic expanded the Greek model of democracy to a representative government: elected officials, division of power, and civic duty.
53. I can explain the various pieces of the Roman Republic and their roles: Senate, Consuls and Assembly, and Praetors.
54. I can identify the requirements for citizenship in the Roman Republic and explain the role and requirements of a citizen (vote, census, military service) women, and slaves.
55. I can describe the influence that Greek democracy and the Roman Republic have on the United States of America: representative democracy, written constitution, laws, limitation of power, etc.
18. With the decline of feudalism, consolidation of power resulted in the emergence of nation states.
56. I can identify and explain the various causes for the decline of feudalism in Western Europe: trade, Crusades, bartering economy to monetary economy, growth of towns, and centralized government.
57. I can explain how nation states begin to arise: consolidation of power, decreasing of nobles, defined borders, common languages, culture, and values.
58. I can explain the need for the Magna Carta, what it does, and how it influenced the Declaration of Independence, the American Revolution and the Constitution.
19. Individuals, governments and businesses must analyze costs and benefits when making economic decisions. A cost-benefit analysis consists of determining the potential costs and benefits of an action and then balancing the costs against the benefits.
59. I can explain how economic decisions are made based on a cost/benefit analysis and use this to explain the rationalization of historical events by examining the cost/benefit: trade routes, slave trade, exploration, colonization, etc.
20. The variability in the distribution of productive resources in the various regions of the world contributed to specialization, trade and interdependence.
60. I can identify what productive resources are (natural resources, human resources, and capital goods) and how the distribution of (abundance or lack of) these resources leads to specialization and trade.
61. I can define specialization and explain the impact it has on trade, societal growth, and interdependence.
21. The growth of cities and empires fostered the growth of markets. Market exchanges encouraged specialization and the transition from barter to monetary economies.
62. I can explain how the increased demand for goods and services led to the growth of cities and fostered the growth of markets.
63. I can explain why economies shifted from a barter system to a money-based (monetary) system.
22. Societies and Empires follow a pattern of ascent and decline due to common circumstances: Leadership, resources, attacks, disease, and geography.
64. I can identify and explain the commonalities that lead to the growth of societies and empires: good leadership, abundant resources, location, control of trade, etc.
65. I can identify and explain the commonalities that lead to the decline of societies and empires: bad leadership, lacking resources, disease, starvation, invasions, location, etc.
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