Bob Plamondon - Globe and Mail - February 19 2018
The Elementary Teachers' Federation of Ontario wants to take his name off their schools. Because of vandalism, his birthday is no longer celebrated in Kingston. Members of the Canadian Historical Association will soon vote on dropping his name from its annual literary prize. Is it only a matter of time before we knock down Sir John A. Macdonald's statue on Parliament Hill?
How could the man so extensively studied and widely admired for the past century – the man without whom this improbable country may never have come into being – now be so vilified?
It likely began with the 2013 award-winning book by historian James Daschuk, Clearing the Plains. While the book includes only two brief quotes from Macdonald, one strikes at the heart: "We cannot allow them to die for want of food. [We] are doing all we can, by refusing food until the Indians are on the verge of starvation, to reduce the expense."
Mr. Daschuk's case against Macdonald's government is disturbing. But it is also incomplete. When Macdonald made his infamous remark in the House of Commons in 1872, during a debate on government spending, it was in response to a question by Liberal MP David Mills (who later served as Justice minister in the Laurier government and then on the Supreme Court of Canada). While protesting the cost of food rations, Mills warned, "… a barbarous population like the Indians may very easily be made wholly dependent upon the government … to the extent … that it will be very difficult to induce the Indians to devote themselves to industrial pursuits."
What Mr. Daschuk omitted in his book was Macdonald's admonition of Mills: "In the case of apprehended famine the matter is to be dealt with on the spot … When the Indians have been starving they have been helped."
While Macdonald can certainly be criticized, he was nonetheless enlightened by the standards of his time. He was in rare company in expressing sympathy for the Indigenous people: "We must remember that they are the original owners of the soil, of which they have been dispossessed by the covetousness or ambition of our ancestors … the Indians have been the great sufferers by the discovery of America and the transfer to it of a large white population."
While an overt policy of assimilation is offensive, Macdonald looks saintly compared with U.S. leadership. Indeed, many Indigenous peoples migrated north, referring to the Canada-U.S. border as "The Medicine Line."
South of the border, the commander of the U.S. army in the West once remarked, "The only good Indian is a dead Indian." Theodore Roosevelt moderated that statement, but only slightly: "I don't go so far as to think that the only good Indians are dead Indians, but I believe nine out of every 10 are." Macdonald wanted to avoid an "Indian war" that had ravaged the United States, arguing it was better to feed them than to fight them.
At a time when Canada was overwhelmingly and overtly racist against Indigenous peoples, Macdonald offered to extend the vote to Indians. One Liberal MP said it would be like bringing a scalping party to the poll; another that it was an insult to place white brethren "on a level with pagan and barbarian Indians." Liberals also feared that Macdonald would get most of the "Indian vote." Full voting rights were not given until 1960.
While Macdonald's government failed to provide adequate food rations as was stipulated in the treaties in the case of famine, Mr. Daschuk points out there was rampant bureaucratic mismanagement, fraud, local prejudice and overt cruelty of the local agents involved. Macdonald, who wanted Indigenous people to replace hunting with farming, was bewildered by news of famine and death and set up a council to study the issue. It was perhaps the first in a long line of futile commissions to study Indigenous issues.
Macdonald's reputation has also taken a dive after the attention given more recently to the residential-schools catastrophe. While Macdonald was acting on the recommendations of the experts in his day, he was succeeded by 18 prime ministers before the last residential school was closed. As the Truth and Reconciliation Commission records, residential schools were in place before Macdonald became prime minister and did not reach their peak until about 40 years after his death.
Macdonald's priority was a railway that would enable Canada to achieve sufficient strength to withstand the continental pressures of the United States. This required land and immigration. A tragic consequence of implementing this vision was the eradication of a long-practised Indigenous way of life. Macdonald's failure is Canada's failure.
Today, many Indigenous Canadians live in disgraceful conditions without access to clean water and facing epidemic levels of suicide among the youth. How will we be judged by the generations that follow? So, before historians cast their vote on Macdonald, they might want to reflect more broadly than to look for a single scapegoat.
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For an in-depth review of Macdonald's record on the management and intent of Indigenous affairs this article by Greg Piasetzki in the C2C Journal is highly recommended.
After Victoria mayor Lisa Helps proposed removing the statue of Macdonald from the steps of City Hall, the following Op-Ed was published in the Victoria Times Colonist
Sir John A. Macdonald was the prime minister of a racist country. He was also, in his day, progressive and moderate in his relations with Indigenous peoples He should not be made a scapegoat any more than the 18 prime ministers who followed him who kept residential schools in place.
Macdonald acted on the advice of experts who recommended the expansion of the residential school system. Misguided as this was, his intent was more to improve general living conditions than to emasculate a population. Macdonald was sympathetic to the plight of the Indigenous peoples and said, "We must remember that they are the original owners of the soil, of which they have been dispossessed by the covetousness or ambition of our ancestors … the Indians have been the great sufferers by the discovery of America and the transfer to it of a large white population."
It was Macdonald who boldly suggested extending the vote to "Indians", a move that was widely criticized out of sheer racism but also because his opponents feared he would the majority of their votes. And many Indigenous people living south of the 49th parallel moved north under Macdonald for reasons of safety and security.
Some politicians in Victoria may feel good about removing Macdonald's statue. Better that they think about how we will be all be judged by future generations with living standards today on many reservations below third world conditions and with youth suicide rates at epidemic levels.
Bob Plamondon
Author of Blue Thunder: The Truth about Conservatives from Macdonald to Harper.
The Government of Ontario will gladly display the statue that the City of Victoria are removed
Tweet from Sylvia Jones, MPP, Ontario Minister of Community Safety -- Our government let the City of Victoria know that we are willing and able to give Sir John A. Macdonald's statue a home in Ontario. History matters and we need to acknowledge the important role Sir John A. Macdonald played in Canada's and Ontario's history.
Tweet from Doug Ford, Premier of Ontario -- Sir John A. Macdonald played a central role in our national story. As one of the Fathers of Confederation, he founded our nation. That's why our government wrote to the Mayor of Victoria to say we'd be happy to give Sir John A. a new home here in Ontario.
Truth and Reconciliation Commission Chair Justice Murray Sinclair says keep statues in place
"It is not about taking off names off buildings, it is about whether we can find a way to put Indigenous names on buildings."
"The problem I have with the overall approach to tearing down statues and buildings is that is counterproductive to ... reconciliation because it almost smacks of revenge or smacks of acts of anger, but in reality, what we are trying to do, is we are trying to create more balance in the relationship."