In the 1780s,  Charles-Augustin de Coulomb established law of electrostatics. In 1825,  André-Marie Ampère published law of magnetism. Michael Faraday discovered the electromagnetic induction.  In 1834, Emil Lenz solved the problem of the direction of the induction. From the 1850s to the 1870s, James C. Maxwell put together four equations as the summary of the electrodynamic principle.

Unknown to Maxwell, one equation, Gauss's law, is partially incorrect.

The differential form of Gauss's law is incorrect because the divergence of the electric field of a point charge at the origin is mathematically zero. It can not represent the charge density of that point charge.

(Click on button "48. Electric Field and Divergence Theorem" on "Updates" page  for proof)

 Hendrik Lorentz and Henri Poincaré developed the mathematics of special relativity with time incorporated to space. The space-time geometry was quickly adopted by Albert Einstein in 1905. Modern physics rests on three pillars: The quantum theory, Special Relativity and General Relativity.

In 2019, two pillars were proved to be false. 

Special Relativity violates the conservation law of momentum. 

(Click on button "90. Conservation of Energy and Momentum in Elastic Collision" on "Updates" page  for proof)

General Relativity contradicts itself with non-zero energy tensor for vacuum. 

(Click on button "82. Energy Tensor of Vacuum in General Relativity" on "Updates" page  for proof)

Go to "Gravitation" page for more detail.

 In the winter of 1925-26 the Austrian physicist Erwin Schrodinger applied de Broglie's waves  to an equation called the Schrodinger equation which claims that discrete colors of light from matter are due to specific frequencies of electron waves confined in an atom. In March 1926, Schrodinger's and Heisenberg's formulations became quantum mechanics.

However, infinite number of electrons can be emitted from Crookes tube. There is no electron in the tube. Light can be emitted from the atom but light is not part of the atom. Electron can be emitted from the atom but electron is not part of the atom.

In 2023, quantum mechanics is proved to be a false speculation on illusive electron.

 (Click on button "131. Electric Current and Electron Beam" on "Updates" page  for proof)

Go to "Electromagnetism" page for more detail.

Frustrated with quantum mechanics, Richard Feynman created QED which applies to the outer shell  of the atom where the electrons are imagined to reside, Since 1925 quantum mechanics had been the dominant theory to the atomic world, universally accepted, but difficult to interpret. "Nobody understands quantum mechanics," grumbled Feynman.

Little did Feynman know there is actually no electron in the atom. Light can be emitted from the atom but light is not part of the atom. Electron can be emitted from the atom but electron is not part of the atom. Feynman's frustration with quantum mechanics resulted in QED, another wrong theory about non-existing electron in the atom.

(Click on button "131. Electric Current and Electron Beam" on "Updates" page  for proof)

Go to "Electromagnetism" page for more detail.

Stephen Hawking proposed a theory of "quantum cosmology," which deals with the wave function of the entire universe, and the beginning of time. Hawking explained the theory of cosmology with a union of the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics.

In 2021, the general theory of relativity was proved to be false. Hawking never knew that energy tensor of vacuum in general relativity is not zero. In 2023, quantum mechanics is also proved to be false. There is no electron in any object that can emit infinite number of electrons.

Hawking's quantum cosmology rests on two false theories.

Go to "Gravitation" page and "Electromagnetism" page for more detail.

The divergence theorem states that the surface integral of the flux is equal to the volume integral of the divergence of the flux. This is not true if there is singularity in the volume integral.

One example is the electric field flux described by Coulomb's law. Another example is the gravitational force. Consequently, Gauss's flux theorem  is not applicable to the divergence of the electric field.

Electromigration is excellent proof that there is no electron in electric current.

A copper strip is connected between an anode and a cathode. With constant electric current, the locations of voids and hillrocks on the copper strip contradict the prediction of the hole-electron theory. A chlorine atom on silicon surface is pushed away by the tip of STM only if negative voltage is applied to the tip.

These two examples prove that electromigration is not the result of the mechanical collision between electrons and atoms. There is no electron in electric current.

An isolated system of simple harmonic oscillation (SHO) is placed in the y-direction and observed in the x-direction in another inertial reference frame. Two competing theories are used to calculate the total energy of SHO.

The calculation proves that the theory of relativity violates conservation of energy while Newton's law is compatible with the conservation law of energy.

The unique property of the side-coupled cavity at Fermilab requires the synchronous particle to travel from one cell to next cell in exactly one cycle of RF oscillation. With velocity in each cell precisely determined, the acceleration can be calculated.

The representation of force can be derived from the conservation law of momentum.

The calculation of both acceleration and force confirms that the electric force in the side-coupled cavity is inversely proportional to both speed and gamma of the particle. The electric force diminishes when the speed of particle reaches the speed of light.

Newton's law and the theory of relativity are applied to the elastic collision between two objects of random mass. The conservation law of energy and momentum is the basic requirement for the collision. 

The calculation of velocity confirms that Newton's law is compatible with the elastic collision but the theory of relativity is not.