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Notes on IOPs (Input/Output Operations per second) and ZPOOLS (example zpool name: abyss)
Choose any 2: speed | reliability | cost
If you pick speed and reliability, it will not be cheap
If you pick reliable and cost effective, it will not be fast
If you pick speed and cost effective, it will not be reliable
IOPs computation/approximation via SEEK time
IOPS = 1 / ( average latency + average seek time ) lower bound calculated valueIOPS = 1 / ( average seek time ) upper bound calculated valueUsing specifications of a Samsung Spinpoint F3 HD103SJ 7200RPM, avg seek time 8.9ms, avg latency 4.17ms
IOPS = 1/ (0.00417 + 0.0089) = 1000/(4.17 + 8.9) = ~76 IOPs lower bound calculated valueIOPS = 1/ (0.0089) = 1000/(8.9) = ~112 IOPs upper bound calculated valueAlternate, via pure rotational speed
IOPS = RPM / 60IOPS = 7200 / 60 = ~120 IOPsOne argument, says it is actually 2 x 120 because on average you wait half of a revolution or 180 degrees (ie IOPS ~= RPM / 30) vs a full revolution.
However, if seek time is not fast enough for a 10 degree rotation, you’ll end up waiting one revolution + the previous delta or 360 + 10 = 370 degrees.
For 7200 RPM disk (rotational method): 120 <= IOPS <= 240For 7200 RPM disk (seek method): 76 <= IOPS <= 112What does this all mean for my POOL?
RAID Read IO penalty Write IO penalty
RAID 0 1 1RAID 1, 10 1 2RAID Z 1 4RAID Z2 1 6IOPs needed = ( Total IOPs x % read ) + (Total IOPs x % write x RAID penalty)So, if we needed 300 IOPs with a 50% read and 50% write workload from a RAID-Z (write penalty = 4) pool
IOPs needed = (300 x 0.5) + (300 x 0.5 x 4) = 150 + 600 = 750 IOPsFor, a similar 300 IOPs with a 50% read and 50% write workload for a RAID 1, 10 (write penalty = 2) pool
IOPs needed = (300 x 0.5) + (300 x 0.5 x 2) = 150 + 300 = 450 IOPsThis says that a 750 IOPs pool would be needed to support a 300 IOPs RAID-Z pool with a 50/50 read/write workload.
Note, only a 450 IOPs pool is needed to support the same 300 IOPs on a RAID 1, 10 pool with the same 50/50 read/write workload.
See zpool IOPs read/write CLI metrics (operations column)
zpool iostat -v 1 capacity operations bandwidthpool alloc free read write read write---------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----abyss 6.78G 67.2G 0 0 4.84K 5.57K c5d0 6.78G 67.2G 0 0 4.84K 5.57K---------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----Optimal RAID-Zx pool member per vdev rule 2^n + p
Where n is 1, 2, 3, 4, . . .
And p is the parity: p=1 for raid-z1, p=2 for raid-z2 and p=3 for raid-z3
RAID-Z = (2^1 + 1) … (2^n + 1) = 3, 5, 9, 17, …RAID-Z2 = (2^1 + 2) … (2^n + 2) = 4, 6, 10, 18, …RAID-Z3 = (2^1 + 3) … (2^n + 3) = 5, 7, 11, 19, …RAID1 aka mirror
This example creates a mirror with 1 vdev and 1 mirrored data disk (2 disks on the vdev).
zpool create abyss mirror disk1 disk2adding a striped, mirrored vdev. Growth becomes similar to RAID 10 and adds an additional vdev each add.
zpool add abyss mirror disk3 disk43 way mirror
zpool create abyss mirror disk1 disk2 disk3zpool add abyss mirror disk4 disk5 disk6RAID-Z
Similar to RAID5, but uses variable width stripe for parity which allows better performance than RAID5. RAID-Z allows a single disk failure. This example creates pool with 1 vdev, 2 data disks and 1 parity disk.
zpool create abyss raidz disk1 disk2 disk3adding a vdev to grow the RAID-Z nested pool
zpool add abyss raidz disk4 disk5 disk6RAID-Z2
Similar to RAID6, and allows 2 drive failures before being vulnerable to data loss. Here we have 1 vdev with 2 data and 2 parity disks
zpool create abyss raidz2 disk1 disk2 disk3 disk4adding a vdev to grow the RAID-Z2 pool
zpool add abyss raidz2 disk5 disk6 disk7 disk8RAID-Z3
Allows 3 drive failures before being vulnerable to data loss. Here we have 1 vdev with 2 data and 3 parity disks.
zpool create abyss raidz3 disk1 disk2 disk3 disk4 disk5adding a vdev to grow the RAID-Z3 pool
zpool add abyss raidz3 disk6 disk7 disk8 disk9 disk10Adding a spare
Having a spare ready minimizes the time your pool is unprotected. You can begin replacement as soon as a failure occurs.
zpool add abyss spare disk1Adding a log (ZIL/Write cache)
zpool add abyss log disk1 okzpool add abyss log mirror disk1 disk2 betterAdding a cache (L2ARC/Read cache)
zpool add abyss cache disk1Page updated
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