Gunpowder

A chemical mixture that could create explosions, first used for fireworks and signaling before weapons.

Developed during the Tang and early Song Dynasties.

Changed warfare, inspired fireworks displays, and eventually spread to other parts of the world.

What: A mixture of sulfur, charcoal, and saltpeter used for explosives and weaponry.

Who benefited: Military forces and later, global powers for defense and exploration.

When: Invented during the Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE) and used extensively by the Song.

Why it was important: Gunpowder transformed warfare and later facilitated exploration and expansion.