Learning about matter serves as an important and critical foundation for understanding many other scientific ideas. Understanding what matter is, forms in which it exists, properties of matter, and conservation of matter in the elementary grades supports students in being able to explain a variety of phenomena including melting and freezing, as well as larger processes such as the water cycle. However, despite its importance as a foundation to science learning, the concept of matter is both complex to teach and difficult to learn (Talanquer, 2009; Tsarpalis & Sevian, 2013). Furthermore, the Next Generation Science Standards represent a fundamental shift in how matter is taught at the elementary level. In particular, addressing the idea that “matter exists as particles that are too small to see” (rather than identifying specific particles such as atoms) at the elementary level places new demands on elementary teachers to determine how and when to develop students’ understanding of this matter concept to explain real-world phenomena.