publications

Peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters:

*: students, postdoctoral fellows, and visiting students/scientists; #: Xiao as a corresponding or co-corresponding author.

278. Choi, S.-W., L. Graf, J. W. Choi, J. Jo, G. H. Boo, H. Kawai, C. G. Choi, S. Xiao, A. H. Knoll, R. A. Andersen, and H. S. Yoon, 2024, Ordovician origin and subsequent diversification of the brown algae. Current Biology, 34: 1-15. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.069.

277 Kang*, J., D. D. Gregory, B. Gill, S. Huang, C. Lai, Z. Chang, H. Cui, I. Belousov, and S. Xiao#, 2024, Trace element evidence for diverse origins of superheavy pyrite in Neoproterozoic sedimentary strata. Geochimica et Cosmchimica Acta, 364: 1-9. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2023.11.005.

276. Warren, L. V., L. Inglez, S. Xiao, L. Buatois, M. G. Mángano, J. Okubo, L. Alessandretti, M. Simões, C. Riccomini, G. C. Antunes, R. Cerri, A. R. Bahniuk, and A. A. Cáceres, 2023, Evolutionary, paleoecological and biostratigraphic implications of the Ediacaran-Cambrian interval in West Gondwana. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 135: 3102–3111. https://www.doi.org/10.1130/B36732.1.

275. Zhang, H., S. Xiao, M. E. Eriksson, B. Duan, and A. Maas, 2023, Musculature of an early Cambrian cycloneuralian animal. Proceedings of the Royal Society B (Biological Sciences), 290: 20231803. https://www.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2023.1803.

274. Yang, Z., X. Ma, Q. Wang, X. Tian, J. Sun, Z. Zhang, S. Xiao, O. De Clerck, F. Leliaert, and B. Zhong, 2023, Phylotranscriptomics unveil a Paleoproterozoic-Mesoproterozoic origin and deep relationships of the Viridiplantae. Nature Communications, 14: 5542. https://www.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-41137-5.

273. Zheng, W., A. Zhou, S. Sahoo, M. R. Nolan, C. M. Ostrander, R. Sun, A. D. Anbar, S. Xiao, and J. Chen, 2023, Recurrent photic zone euxinia limited ocean oxygenation and animal evolution during the Ediacaran. Nature Communications, 14: 3920. https://www.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39427-z.

272. Zheng, W., Q. Tang, S. Xiao, K. Pang, J. Kang, G. Li, C. Zhou, X. Yuan, and B. Wan, 2023, The Proterozoic Qinggouzi microfossil assemblage and its biostratigraphic constraints on the Great Unconformity in northeastern North China Craton. Precambrian  Research, 395: 107130. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2023.107130.

271. Li, D., G. Luo, Q. Tang, Z. She, and S. Xiao, 2023, New record of the green algal fossil Proterocladus and coexisting microfossils from the Meso-Neoproterozoic Diaoyutai Formation in southern Liaoning, North China. Precambrian  Research, 393: 107104. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2023.107104.

270. Maloney, K. M., D. P. Maverick, J. D. Schiffbauer, G. P. Halverson, S. Xiao, and M. Laflamme, 2023, Systematic paleontology of macroalgal fossils from the Tonian Mackenzie Mountain Supergroup. Journal of Paleontology, 97: 499–515. https://doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2023.4.

269. Okubo, J., L. Inglez, G. J. Uhlein, L. V. Warren, and S. Xiao, 2022, Simple structures and complex stories: potential microbially induced sedimentary structures in the Ediacaran Serra de Santa Helena Formation, Bambuí Group, eastern Brazil. Palaios, 38: 188–209. https://www.doi.org/10.2110/palo.2022.020.

268. Li, G., L. Chen, K. Pang, Q. Tang, C. Wu, X. Yuan, C. Zhou, and S. Xiao, 2023, Tonian carbonaceous compressions indicate that Horodyskia is one of the oldest multicellular and coenocytic macro-organisms. Communications Biology, 6: 399. https://www.doi.org/10.1038/s42003-023-04740-2.

267. Little, J. C., R. O. Kaaronen, J. I. Hukkinen, S. Xiao, T. Sharpee, A. M. Farid, R. Nilchiani, and C. M. Barton, 2023, Earth systems to Anthropocene systems: An evolutionary, system-of-systems, convergence paradigm for interdependent societal challenges. Environmental Science & Technology, 57: 5504-5520. https://www.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c06203.

266. Kang*, J., B. Gill, R. Reid, F. Zhang, and S. Xiao#, 2023, Nitrate limitation in early Neoproterozoic oceans delayed the ecological rise of eukaryotes. Science Advances, 9: eade9647. https://www.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ade9647.

265. Song, H., Z. An, Q. Ye, E. E. Stüeken, J. Li, J. Hu, T. J. Algeo, L. Tian, D. Chu, H. Song, S. Xiao, and J. Tong, 2023, Mid-latitudinal habitable environment for marine eukaryotes during the waning stage of the Marinoan snowball glaciation. Nature Communications, 14: 1564. https://www.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37172-x. 

264. Ye, Q., Z. An, Y. Yu, Z. Zhou, J. Hu, J. Tong, and S. Xiao#, 2023, Phosphatized microfossils from the Miaohe Member of South China and their implications for the terminal Ediacaran biodiversity decline. Precambrian Research, 388: 107001. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2023.107001.

263.     Yuan, X., K. Pang, Q. Tang, G. Li, S. Xiao, C. Zhou, Z. Chen, L. Chen, B. Wan, W. Wang, C. Guan, Q. Ouyang, C. Niu, X. Wang, and Y. Liu, 2023, The origin and early evolution of complex organisms (in Chinese). Chinese Science Bulletin, 68: 169-187. https://www.doi.org/10.1360/TB-2022-0804.

262. Xiao, S., 2022, Extinctions, morphological gaps, major transitions, stem groups, and the origin of major clades, with a focus on early animals. Acta Geologica Sinica, 96: https://www.doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.15027.

261. Evans*, S., C. Tu, A. Rizzo, R. Surprenant, P. Boan, H. McCandless, N. Marshall, S. Xiao, and M. Droser, 2022, Environmental drivers of the first major animal extinction across the Ediacaran White Sea-Nama transition. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of the United State of America, 119: e2207475119. https://www.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2207475119.

260. Liu, Y., E. Carlisle, H. Zhang, B. Yang, M. Steiner, T. Shao, B. Duan, F. Marone, S. Xiao#, and P. C. J. Donoghue, 2022, Saccorhytus is an early ecdysozoan and not the earliest deuterostome. Nature, 609: 541-546. https://www.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05107-z.

259. Noffke, N., H. Beraldi-Campesi, F. Callefo, N. Carmona, D. G. Cuadrado, K. Hickman-Lewis, M. Homann, R. Mitchell, N. Sheldon, F. Westall, and S. Xiao, 2022, Part B, Volume 2, Chapter 5: Microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS). Treatise Online, 162: 1-29. https://www.doi.org/10.17161/to.vi.18111.

258.     Ye, Q., J. Li, J. Tong, Z. An, J. Hu, and S. Xiao, 2022, A microfossil assemblage from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in the Shennongjia area (Hubei Province, South China): Filling critical paleoenvironmental and biostratigraphic gaps. Precambrian  Research, 376: 106691. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2022.106691.

257.     Cui, H., K. Kitajima, I. J. Orland, S. Xiao, J.-M. Baele, A. J. Kaufman, A. Denny, M. J. Spicuzza, J. H. Fournelle, and J. W. Valley, 2022, An authigenic response to Ediacaran surface oxidation: Remarkable micron-scale isotopic heterogeneity revealed by SIMS. Precambrian Research, 376: 106676. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2022.106676.

256. Nolan*, M., S. Xiao#, B. Gill, R. Reid, and M. Schwid, 2022, Enigmatic provenance of carbonate clasts in Cryogenian glacial diamictite of the Nantuo Formation in South China. Precambrian  Research, 378: 106734. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2022.106734.

255. Shi, H., Q. Ouyang, C. Zhou, S. Xiao, Z. Chen, and C. Guan, 2022, Integrated study of the Doushantuo Formation in northwestern Hunan Province: implications for Ediacaran chemostratigraphy and biostratigraphy in South China. Precambrian  Research, 377: 106699. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2022.106699.

254. Gan*, T., G. Zhou, T. Luo, K. Pang, M. Zhou, W. Luo, S. Wang, and S. Xiao#, 2022, Earliest Ediacaran speleothems and their implications for terrestrial life after the Marinoan snowball Earth. Precambrian  Research, 376: 106685. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2022.106685.

253.     Peng, Y., H. Bao, G. Jiang, P. Crockford, D. Feng, S. Xiao, A. J. Kaufman, and J. Wang, 2022, A transient peak in seawater sulfate after the 635-Ma Snowball Earth. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of the United State of America, 119: e2117341119. https://www.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2117341119.

252.     Mitchell, E. G., S. D. Evans, Z. Chen, and S. Xiao, 2022, A new approach for investigating spatial relationships of ichnofossils: A case study of Ediacaran–Cambrian animal traces. Paleobiology, 48: 557–575. https://www.doi.org/10.1017/pab.2022.16.

251.     Maloney, K. M., J. D. Schiffbauer, G. P. Halverson, S. Xiao, and M. Laflamme, 2022, Preservation of early Tonian Macroalgae from the Dolores Creek Formation, Yukon. Scientific Reports, 12: 6222. https://www.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10223-x.

250.     Kang*, J., C. Li, L. Dong, and S. Xiao, 2022, Early diagenetic dolomite as a potential archive of paleo-redox fluctuations in an early Tonian marine basin? Acta Geologica Sinica, 96: 607–620. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.14911.

249.     Zhang, F., R. G. Stockey, S. Xiao, S.-z. Shen, T. W. Dahl, G. Wei, M. Cao, Z. Li, J. Kang, Y. Cui, A. D. Anbar, and N. J. Planavsky, 2022, Uranium isotope evidence for extensive shallow water anoxia in the early Tonian oceans. Earth & Planetary Science Letters, 583: 117437. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117437.

248.     Okubo*, J., A. J. Kaufman, L. V. Warren, M. N. Evans, S. Marroquín, M. A. Varni, A. Misi, A. M. Bahniuk, and S. Xiao, 2022, The sulfur isotopic consequence of seawater sulfate distillation preserved in the Neoproterozoic Sete Lagoas post-glacial carbonate, eastern Brazil. Journal of the Geological Society (London), 179: jgs2021-091. https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2021-091.

247.     Hou, Z., X. Ma, X. Shi, X. Li, L. Yang, S. Xiao, O. De Clerck, F. Leliaert, and B. Zhong, 2022, Phylotranscriptomic insights into a Mesoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic origin and early radiation of green seaweeds (Ulvophyceae). Nature Communications, 13: 1610. https://www.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-29282-9.

246.     Cui, H., A. J. Kaufman, S. Xiao, C. Zhou, M. Zhu, M. Cao, S. Loyd, P. Crockford, X.-M. Liu, S. Goderis, W. Wang, and C. Guan, 2022, Dynamic interplay of biogeochemical C, S, and Ba cycles in response to Shuram oxygenation event. Journal of the Geological Society (London), 179: jgs2021-081. https://www.doi.org/10.1144/jgs2021-081.

245.     Shields, G. A., R. A. Strachan, S. M. Porter, G. P. Halverson, F. A. Macdonald, K. A. Plumb, C. J. d. Alvarenga, D. M. Banerjee, A. Bekker, A. Brasier, P. P. Chakraborty, A. S. Collins, K. Condie, K. Das, D. A. D. Evans, R. Ernst, A. E. Fallick, H. Frimmel, R. Fuck, P. F. Hoffman, B. S. Kamber, A. Kuznetsov, R. Mitchell, D. G. Poiré, S. W. Poulton, R. Riding, M. Sharma, C. Storey, E. Stueeken, R. Tostevin, E. Turner, S. Xiao, S. Zhang, Y. Zhou, and M. Zhu, 2022, A template for an improved rock-based subdivision of the pre-Cryogenian time scale. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 179: jgs2020-222. https://www.doi.org/10.1144/jgs2020-222.

244.     Korneisel*, D. E., S. J. Nesbitt, S. Werning, and S. Xiao, 2021, Putative fossil blood cells reinterpreted as diagenetic structures. PeerJ, 9: e12651. https://www.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12651.

243.     Xiao, S. and Q. Tang, 2021, Part B, Volume 2, Chapter 7: Microfossils of Prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea): Research History, Taphonomy, and Paleobiology. Treatise Online, 160: 1–37.

242.     Cui, H., K. Kitajima, I. J. Orland, S. Xiao, J.-M. Baele, A. J. Kaufman, A. Denny, C. Zhou, M. J. Spicuzza, J. H. Fournelle, and J. W. Valley, 2021, Deposition or diagenesis? Probing the Ediacaran Shuram excursion in South China by SIMS. Global and Planetary Change, 206: 103591. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2021.103591.

241.     Lang, X., Z. Zhao, H. Ma, K. Huang, S. Li, C. Zhou, S. Xiao, Y. Peng, Y. Liu, W. Tang, and B. Shen, 2021, Cracking the superheavy pyrite enigma: possible roles of volatile organosulfur compound emission. National Science Review, 8: nwab034. https://www.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwab034.

240.     Tang*, Q., K. Pang, G. Li, L. Chen, X. Yuan, M. Sharma, and S. Xiao, 2021, The Proterozoic macrofossil Tawuia as a coenocytic eukaryote and a possible macroalga. Palaeoecology Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 576: 110485. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110485.

239.     Tang*, Q., K. Pang, G. Li, L. Chen, X. Yuan, and S. Xiao, 2021, One-billion-year-old epibionts highlight symbiotic ecological interactions in early eukaryote evolution. Gondwana Research, 97: 22-33. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2021.05.008.

238.     Maloney, K. M., G. P. Halverson, J. D. Schiffbauer, S. Xiao, T. M. Gibson, M. A. Lechte, V. M. Cumming, A. E. G. Millikin, J. G. Murphy, M. W. Wallace, D. Selby, and M. Laflamme, 2021, New multicellular marine macroalgae from the early Tonian of northwestern Canada. Geology, 49: 743-747. https://www.doi.org/10.1130/G48508.1.

237.     Wang, X., Z. Chen, K. Pang, C. Zhou, S. Xiao, B. Wan, and X. Yuan, 2021, Dickinsonia from the Ediacaran Dengying Formation in the Yangtze Gorges area, South China. Palaeoworld, 30: 602-609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2021.01.002.

236.     Gan*, T., T. Luo, K. Pang, C. Zhou, G. Zhou, B. Wan, G. Li, Q. Yi, A. D. Czaja, and S. Xiao, 2021, Cryptic terrestrial fungus-like fossils of the early Ediacaran Period. Nature Communications, 12: 641. https://www.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-20975-1.

235.     Schwid*, M. F., S. Xiao, M. R. Nolan, and Z. An, 2021, Differential weathering of diagenetic concretions and the formation of Neoproterozoic annulated discoidal structures. Palaios, 36: 15-27. https://www.doi.org/10.2110/palo.2020.018.

234.     Ouyang, Q., C. Zhou, S. Xiao, C. Guan, Z. Chen, X. Yuan, and Y. Sun, 2021, Distribution of Ediacaran acanthomorphic acritarchs in the lower Doushantuo Formation of the Yangtze Gorges area, South China: evolutionary and stratigraphic implications. Precambrian Research, 353: 106005. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2020.106005.

233.     Xiao, S., Z. Chen, K. Pang, C. Zhou, and X. Yuan, 2021, The Shibantan Lagerstätte: Insights into the Proterozoic-Phanerozoic transition. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 178: jgs2020-135. https://www.doi.org/10.1144/jgs2020-135.

232.     Liang, D., Y. Cai, M. Nolan, and S. Xiao#, 2020, The terminal Ediacaran tubular fossil Cloudina in the Yangtze Gorges area of South China. Precambrian Research, 351: 105931. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2020.105931.

231.     Wang, X., K. Pang, Z. Chen, B. Wan, S. Xiao, C. Zhou, and X. Yuan, 2020, The Ediacaran frondose fossil Arborea from the Shibantan limestone of South China. Journal of Paleontology, 94: 1034-1050. https://doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2020.43.

230.     Xiao, S. and G. M. Narbonne, 2020, The Ediacaran Period. p. 521-561. In F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz, and G. M. Ogg (ed.), Geologic Time Scale 2020 (Volume 1). Elsevier, Oxford. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824360-2.00018-8.

229.     Zhou, C., M. H. Huyskens, S. Xiao, and Q.-Z. Yin, 2020, Refining the termination age of the Cryogenian Sturtian glaciation in South China. Palaeoworld, 29: 462-468. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2020.04.002.

228.     Xiao, S., 2020, Ediacaran sponges, animal biomineralization, and skeletal reefs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 117: 20997–20999. https://www.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2014393117.

227.     Schwid*, M. F., S. Xiao#, E. E. Hiatt, Y. Fang, and M. Nolan, 2020, Iron phosphate in the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation of South China: a previously undocumented marine phosphate sink. Palaeoecology Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 560: 109993. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109993.

226.     Bykova*, N., S. T. LoDuca, Q. Ye, V. Marusin, D. Grazhdankin, and S. Xiao#, 2020, Seaweeds through time: Morphological and ecological analysis of Proterozoic and early Paleozoic benthic macroalgae. Precambrian Research, 2020. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2020.105875.

225.     Xiao, S., J. G. Gehling, S. D. Evans, I. V. Hughes, and M. L. Droser, 2020, Probable benthic macroalgae from the Ediacara Member, South Australia. Precambrian Research, 2020. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2020.105903.

224.     Xiao, S., H. Cui, J. Kang, K. A. McFadden, A. J. Kaufman, K. Kitajima, J. H. Fournelle, M. Schwid, M. Nolan, J.-M. Baele, and J. W. Valley, 2020, Using SIMS to decode noisy stratigraphic δ13C variations in Ediacaran carbonates. Precambrian Research, 343: 105686. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2020.105686.

223.     Pang, K., Q. Tang, C. Wu, G. Li, L. Chen, B. Wan, X. Yuan, R. J. Bodnar, and S. Xiao#, 2020, Raman Spectroscopy and structural heterogeneity of carbonaceous material in Proterozoic organic-walled microfossils in the North China Craton. Precambrian Research, 346: 105818. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2020.105818.

222.     Wan, B., Z. Chen, X. Yuan, K. Pang, Q. Tang, C. Guan, X. Wang, S. K. Pandey, M. L. Droser, and S. Xiao#, 2020, A tale of three taphonomic modes: the Ediacaran fossil Flabellophyton preserved in limestone, black shale, and sandstone. Gondwana Research, 84: 296-314. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2020.04.003.

221.     Mitchell, E. G., N. Bobkov, N. Bykova*, A. Dhungana, A. Kolesnikov, I. R. P. Hogarth, A. G. Liu, T. M. R. Mustill, N. Sozonov, V. I. Rogov, S. Xiao, and D. V. Grazhdankin, 2020, The influence of environmental setting on the community ecology of Ediacaran organisms. Interface Focus, 10: 20190109. https://www.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2019.0109.

220.     Okubo, J., Y. I. Klyukin, L. V. Warren, D. M. Sublett, Jr., R. J. Bodnar, B. C. Gill, and S. Xiao#, 2020, Hydrothermal influence on barite precipitates in the basal Ediacaran Sete Lagoas cap dolostone, São Francisco Craton, central Brazil. Precambrian Research, 340: 105628. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2020.105628.

219.     Tang*, Q., K. Pang, X. Yuan, and S. Xiao#, 2020, A one-billion-year-old multicellular chlorophyte. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 4: 543–549. https://www.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-1122-9.

218.     Wang, Z., C. Chen, J. Wang, E. Suess, X. Chen, X. Ma, G. Wang, and S. Xiao#, 2020, Wide but not ubiquitous distribution of glendonite in the Doushantuo Formation, South China: Implications for Ediacaran climate. Precambrian Research, 338: 105586. http://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2019.105586.

217.     Tang*, Q., J. Hu, G. Xie, X. Yuan, B. Wan, C. Zhou, X. Dong, G. Cao, B. S. Lieberman, S. P. Leys, and S. Xiao#, 2019, A problematic animal fossil from the early Cambrian Hetang Formation, South China — A reply. Journal of Paleontology, 93: 1279-1282. http://www.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2019.69.

216.     Xiao, S., Z. Chen, C. Zhou, and X. Yuan, 2019, Surfing in and on microbial mats: Oxygen-related behavior of a terminal Ediacaran bilaterian animal. Geology, 47: 1054-1058. http://www.doi.org/10.1130/G46474.1.

215.     Chen, Z., C. Zhou, X. Yuan, and S. Xiao#, 2019, Death march of a segmented and trilobate bilaterian elucidates early animal evolution. Nature, 573: 412-415. http://www.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1522-7.

214.     Gilbert, P. U. P. A., S. M. Porter, C.-Y. Sun, S. Xiao, B. M. Gibson, N. Shenkar, and A. H. Knoll, 2019, Biomineralization by particle attachment in early animals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116: 17659–17665. http://www.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1902273116.

213.     Zhang, F., S. Xiao, S. J. Romaniello, D. Hardisty, C. Li, V. Melezhik, B. Pokrovsky, M. Cheng, W. Shi, T. M. Lenton, and A. D. Anbar, 2019, Global marine redox changes drove the rise and fall of early animals. Geobiology, http://www.doi.org/10.1111/gbi.12359.

212.     Tang*, Q., Wan, B., Yuan, X., Muscente, A.D., and S. Xiao#, 2019, Spiculogenesis and biomineralization in early sponge animals: Nature Communications, 10: 3348. http://www.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11297-4.

211.     Cui, H., S. Xiao, Y. Cai, S. Peek, R. E. Plummer, and A. J. Kaufman, 2019, Sedimentological and chemostratigraphic investigations of the terminal Ediacaran Dengying Formation, Gaojiashan, South China. Geological Magazine, 156: 1924-1948. http://www.doi.org/10.1017/S0016756819000293.

210.     Tang*, Q., J. Hu, G. Xie, X. Yuan, B. Wan, C. Zhou, X. Dong, G. Cao, B. S. Lieberman, S. P. Leys, and S. Xiao#, 2019, A problematic animal fossil from the early Cambrian Hetang Formation, South China. Journal of Paleontology, 93: 1047-1057. http://www.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2019.26.

209.     Arrouy, M. J., C. Gaucher, D. G. Poiré, S. Xiao, L. E. G. Peral, L. V. Warren, N. Bykova, and F. Quaglio, 2019, A new record of late Ediacaran acritarchs from La Providencia Group (Tandilia System, Argentina) and its biostratigraphical significance. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 93: 283-293. http://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2019.05.015.

208.     Mergelsberg, S. T., R. N. Ulrich, S. Xiao, and P. M. Dove, 2019, Composition systematics in the exoskeleton of the American lobster, Homarus americanus and implications for Malacostraca. Frontiers in Earth Science, 7: 69. http://www.doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00069.

207.     Cai, Y., S. Xiao#, G. Li, and H. Hua, 2019, Diverse biomineralizing animals in the terminal Ediacaran Period herald the Cambrian Explosion. Geology, 47: 380-384. http://www.doi.org/10.1130/G45949.1.

206.     Zhou, C., M. H. Huyskens, X. Lang, S. Xiao, and Q.-Z. Yin, 2019, Calibrating the terminations of Cryogenian global glaciations. Geology, 47: 251-254. http://www.doi.org/10.1130/G45719.1.

205.     Wan, B., Q. Tang*, K. Pang, X. Wang, Z. Bao, F. Meng, C. Zhou, X. Yuan, H. Hua, and S. Xiao#, 2019, Repositioning the Great Unconformity in the southeastern margin of North China Craton. Precambrian Research, 324: 1-17. http://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2019.01.014.

204.     Ye*, Q., J. Tong, L. Tian, J. Hu, Z. An, R. J. Bodnar, and S. Xiao#, 2019, Detrital graphite particles in the Cryogenian Nantuo Formation of South China: Implications for sedimentary provenance and tectonic history. Precambrian Research, 232: 6-15. http://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2019.01.003.

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118.     Tang*, Q., K. Pang, S. Xiao#, X. Yuan, Z. Ou, and B. Wan, 2013, Organic-walled microfossils from the early Neoproterozoic Liulaobei Formation in the Huainan region of North China and their biostratigraphic significance. Precambrian Research, 236: 157-181.

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111.     Botting, J. P., L. A. Muir, S. Xiao, X. Li, and J.-P. Lin, 2012, Evidence for spicule homology in calcareous and siliceous sponges: biminerallic spicules in Lenica sp. from the Early Cambrian of South China. Lethaia, 45: 463-475.

110.     Wang, W., C. Zhou, X. Yuan, Z. Chen, and S. Xiao, 2012, A pronounced negative δ13Ccarb excursion in an Ediacaran succession of western Yangtze Platform: a possible equivalent to the Shuram event and its implication for chemostratigraphic correlation in South China. Gondwana Research, 22: 1091–1101.

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108.     Dong*, L., W. Song, S. Xiao, X. Yuan, Z. Chen, and C. Zhou, 2012, Micro- and macrofossils from the Piyuancun Formation and their implications for the Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary in southern Anhui. Journal of Stratigraphy, 36: 600-610.

107.     Peng, S., X. Wang, S. Xiao, J. Tong, H. Hua, M. Zhu, and Y. Zhao, 2012, A call to replace the chronostratigraphic unit Sinian System (Period) with the global Ediacaran System (Period). Journal of Stratigraphy, 36: 55-59.

106.     Dong*, L. and S. Xiao, 2012, Quantitative methods in morphometric study of early life. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 51: 14-25.

105.     Zhou, C., S.-Y. Jiang, S. Xiao, Z. Chen, and X. Yuan, 2012, Middle Ediacaran shallow marine anoxia: evidence from rare earth elements of the Doushantuo Formation in South China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 57: 1998-2006.

104.     Meyer*, M., J. D. Schiffbauer*, S. Xiao#, Y. Cai, and H. Hua, 2012, Taphonomy of the late Ediacaran body fossil Shaanxilithes. Palaios, 27: 354-372.

103.     Schiffbauer*, J. D., A. F. Wallace, J. L. Hunter, M. Kowalewski, R. J. Bodnar, and S. Xiao, 2012, Thermally-induced structural and chemical alteration of organic-walled microfossils: an experimental approach to understanding fossil preservation in metasediments. Geobiology, 10: 402-423.

102.     Zhang, H., X.-p. Dong, and S. Xiao, 2012, Three head-larvae of Hesslandona angustata (Phosphatocopida, Crustacea) from the Upper Cambrian of western Hunan, South China and the phylogeny of Crustacea. Gondwana Research, 21: 1115-1127.

101.     Zabini, C., J. D. Schiffbauer*, S. Xiao, and M. Kowalewski, 2012, Biomineralization, taphonomy, and diagenesis of Paleozoic lingulid brachiopod shells preserved in silicified mudstone concretions. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 326-328: 118-127.

100.     Cai*, Y., J. D. Schiffbauer*, H. Hua, and S. Xiao#, 2012, Preservational modes in the Ediacaran Gaojiashan Lagerstätte: Pyritization, aluminosilicification, and carbonaceous compression. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 326-328: 109-117.

99.       Cunningham, J. A., C.-W. Thomas, S. Bengtson, S. L. Kearns, S. Xiao, F. Marone, M. Stampanoni, P. C. J. Donoghue, 2012, Distinguishing geology from biology in the Ediacaran Doushantuo biota relaxes constraints on the timing of the origin of bilaterians. Proceedings of the Royal Society B (Biological Sciences), 279: 2369-2376.

98.       Lyons, T. W., G. Love, C. Reinhard, and S. Xiao, 2012, Geobiology of the Proterozoic Eon. p. p. 371-402. In A. H. Knoll, D. Canfield, and K. O. Konhauser (ed.), Fundamentals of Geobiology. Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ.

97.       Xiao, S., A. H. Knoll, J. D. Schiffbauer, C. Zhou, X. Yuan, 2012, Comment on Fossilized nuclei and germination structures identify Ediacaran animal embryos as encysting protists. Science, 335: 1169c.

96.       Jiang, G., X. Wang, X. Shi, and S. Xiao, 2012, The origin of decoupled carbonate and organic carbon isotope signatures in the early Cambrian (ca. 542-520 Ma) Yangtze platform. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 317-318: 96-110.

95.       Schiffbauer*, J. D., S. Xiao, K. Sen Sharma, and G. Wang, 2012, The origin of intracellular structures in Ediacaran metazoan embryos. Geology, 40: 223-226.

94.       Xiao, S., K. A. McFadden*, S. Peek, A. J. Kaufman, C. Zhou, G. Jiang, and J. Hu, 2012, Integrated chemostratigraphy of the Doushantuo Formation at the northern Xiaofenghe section (Yangtze Gorges, South China) and its implication for Ediacaran stratigraphic correlation and ocean redox models. Precambrian Research, 192-195: 125-141.

93.       McKenzie, N. R., N. C. Hughes, P. M. Myrow, S. Xiao, and M. Sharma, 2011, Correlation of Precambrian-Cambrian sedimentary successions across northern India: a test of the utility of isotopic signatures of Himalayan lithotectonic units. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 312: 471-483.

92.       Cai*, Y., J. D. Schiffbauer*, H. Hua, and S. Xiao#, 2011, Morphology and paleoecology of the late Ediacaran tubular fossil Conotubus hemiannulatus from the Gaojiashan Lagerstätte of southern Shaanxi Province, South China. Precambrian Research, 191: 46-57.

91.       Kowalewski, M., J. L. Payne, F. A. Smith, S. C. Wang, D. W. McShea, S. Xiao, P. Novack-Gottshall, C. R. McClain, R. A. Krause, A. G. Boyer, S. Finnegan, K. Lyons, J. A. Stempien, J. Alroy, and P. A. Spaeth, 2011, The Geozoic Supereon. Palaios, 26: 251-255.

90.       Anderson*, E., J. D. Schiffbauer, and S. Xiao#, 2011, Taphonomic study of Ediacaran organic-walled fossils confirms the importance of clay minerals and pyrite in Burgess Shale-type preservation. Geology, 39: 643-646.

89.       Jiang, G., X. Shi, S. Zhang, Y. Wang, and S. Xiao, 2011, Stratigraphy and paleogeography of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation (ca. 635-551 Ma) in South China. Gondwana Research, 19: 831–849.

88.       Zhang, H., X. Dong, and S. Xiao, 2011, Two species of Hesslandona (Phoshatocopida, Crustacea) from the upper Cambrian of western Hunan, South China and the phylogeny of Phosphatocopida. Journal of Paleontology, 85: 770-788.

87.       Yuan, X., Z. Chen, S. Xiao#, C. Zhou, and H. Hua, 2011, An early Ediacaran assemblage of macroscopic and morphologically differentiated eukaryotes. Nature, 470: 390-393.

86.       Shen*, B., S. Xiao#, H. Bao, A. J. Kaufman, C. Zhou, and X. Yuan, 2011, Carbon, sulfur, and oxygen isotope evidence for a strong depth gradient and oceanic oxidation after the Ediacaran Hankalchough glaciation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 75: 1357-1373.

85.       Shen*, B., C.-T. Lee, and S. Xiao, 2011, Germanium/silica ratios in diagenetic chert nodules from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation, South China. Chemical Geology, 280: 323-335.

84.       Cai*, Y., H. Hua, S. Xiao#, J. D. Schiffbauer*, and P. Li, 2010, Biostratinomy of the late Ediacaran pyritized Gaojiashan Lagerstätte from southern Shaanxi, South China: Importance of event deposits. Palaios, 25: 487-506. 

83.       Jiang, G., X. Wang, X. Shi, S. Zhang, S. Xiao, and J. Dong, 2010, Organic carbon isotope constraints on the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) reservoir at the Cryogenian-Ediacaran transition. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 299: 159-168.

82.       Hua, H., Z. Chen, X. Yuan, S. Xiao, and Y. Cai, 2010, The earliest Foraminifera from southern Shaanxi, China. Science China Earth Sciences, 53: 1756–1764.

81.       Lin, J.-P., Y.-L. Zhao, I. A. Rahman, S. Xiao, and Y. Wang, 2010, Bioturbation in Burgess Shale-type Lagerstätten – Case study of trace fossil-body fossil association from the Kaili Biota (Cambrian Series 3), Guizhou, China. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 292: 245-256.

80.       Shen*, B., S. Xiao, C. Zhou, A. J. Kaufman, and X. Yuan, 2010, Carbon and sulfur isotope chemostratigraphy of the Neoproterozoic Quanji Group of the Chaidam Basin, NW China: basin stratification in the aftermath of an Ediacaran glaciation postdating the Shuram event? Precambrian Research, 177: 241-252.

79.       Xiao, S., J. D. Schiffbauer*, K. A. McFadden*, and J. Hunter, 2010, Petrographic and SIMS pyrite sulfur isotope analyses of Ediacaran chert nodules: Implications for microbial processes in pyrite rim formation, silicification, and exceptional fossil preservation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 297: 481-495

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77.       Xiao, S., Q. Yang, and Z.-X. Luo, 2010, A Golden Age of Paleontology in China? A SWOT Analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica, 13: 3E:4p.

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75.       Xiao, S., M. Kowalewski, B. Shen*, L. Dong*, and M. Laflamme*, 2009, The rise of bilaterians: A reply. Historical Biology, 21: 239–246.

74.       Laflamme*, M., S. Xiao, and M. Kowalewski, 2009, Osmotrophy in modular Ediacara organisms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 106: 14438-14443.

73.       Schiffbauer*, J. D. and S. Xiao, 2009, Novel application of focused ion beam electron microscopy (FIB-EM) in the preparation and analysis of microfossil ultrastructures. Palaios, 24: 616-626.

72.       Shen*, B., S. Xiao#, C. Zhou, and X. Yuan, 2009, Yangtziramulus zhangi new genus and species, a carbonate-hosted macrofossil from the Ediacaran Dengying Formation in the Yangtze Gorges area, South China. Journal of Paleontology, 83: 575-587.

71.       McFadden*, K. A., S. Xiao#, C. Zhou, and M. Kowalewski, 2009, Quantitative evaluation of the biostratigraphic distribution of acanthomorphic acritarchs in the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in the Yangtze Gorges area, South China. Precambrian Research, 173: 170-190.

70.       Xu, B., S. Xiao#, H. Zou, Y. Chen, Z.-X. Li, B. Song, D. Liu, C. Zhou, and X. Yuan, 2009, SHRIMP zircon U-Pb age constraints on Neoproterozoic Quruqtagh diamictites in NW China. Precambrian Research, 168: 247-258.

69.       Liu, P., S. Xiao, C. Yin, F. Tang, and L. Gao, 2009, Silicified tubular microfossils from the upper Doushantuo Formation (Ediacaran) in the Yangtze Gorges area, South China. Journal of Paleontology, 83 630-633.

68.       Zhang, X., J. Yao, and S. Xiao, 2009, SEM observation of the polychaete Lepidonotus helotypus Grube, 1877 and its comparison with the Cambrian animal fossil Wiwaxia. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 48: 45-55.

67.       Yuan, X., D. Wang, and S. Xiao, 2009, Animals in the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo epoch. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 48: 375-389.

66.       Dong*, L., S. Xiao#, B. Shen, C. Zhou, G. Li, and J. Yao, 2009, Basal Cambrian microfossils from the Yangtze Gorges area (South China) and the Aksu area (Tarim Block, northwestern China). Journal of Paleontology, 83:30-44.

65.       Xiao, S. and M. Laflamme, 2009, On the eve of animal radiation: Phylogeny, ecology, and evolution of the Ediacara biota. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 24:31-40.

64.       Xiao, S. and J. D. Schiffbauer, 2009, Microfossil phosphatization and its astrobiological implications. In J. Seckbach and M. Walsh (ed.), From Fossils to Astrobiology. Springer-Verlag, New York. P. 89-117.

63.       Zhu, M., J. G. Gehling, S. Xiao, Y.-L. Zhao, and M. Droser, 2008, Eight-armed Ediacara fossil preserved in contrast taphonomic windows from China and Australia. Geology, 36:867-870.

62.       Xie, G., C. Zhou, K. A. McFadden, S. Xiao, and X. Yuan, 2008, Microfossils discovered from the Sinian Doushantuo Formation in the Jiulongwan section, East Yangtze Gorges area, Hubei Province, South China. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 47: 279-291.

61.       Xiao, S., 2008, Geobiological events in the Ediacaran Period. Paleontological Society Papers, 14: 85-104.

60.       Wang, J., G. Jiang, S. Xiao#, Q. Li, and Q. Wei, 2008, Carbon isotope evidence for widespread methane seeps in the ~635 Ma Doushantuo cap carbonate in South China. Geology, 36:347-350.

59.       Xiao, S., 2008, The rise and demise of ghostly animals. Science, 319: 1618-1619.

58.       Liu*, P., S. Xiao#, C. Yin, C. Zhou, L. Gao, and F. Tang, 2008, Systematic description and phylogenetic affinity of tubular microfossils from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation at Weng'an, South China. Palaeontology, 51:339-366.

57.       McFadden*, K. A., J. Huang, X. Chu, G. Jiang, A. J. Kaufman, C. Zhou, X. Yuan, and S. Xiao#, 2008, Pulsed oxygenation and biological evolution in the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 105: 3197-3202.

56.       Dong*, L., S. Xiao#, B. Shen, X. Yuan, X. Yan, and Y. Peng, 2008, Restudy of the worm-like carbonaceous compression fossils Protoarenicola, Pararenicola, and Sinosabellidites from early Neoproterozoic successions in North China. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 258: 138-161.

55.       Dornbos, S. Q. and S. Xiao, 2008, The dawn of animal life: Evolutionary and palaeoecological patterns in the Neoproterozoic-Cambrian animal fossil record. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 258: 135-137.

54.       Dong*, L., S. Xiao#, B. Shen, and C. Zhou, 2008, Silicified Horodyskia and Palaeopascichnus from upper Ediacaran cherts in South China: tentative phylogenetic interpretation and implications for evolutionary stasis. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 165: 365-378.

53.       Shen*, B., L. Dong, S. Xiao#, and M. Kowalewski, 2008, The Avalon Explosion: Expansion and saturation of Ediacara morphospace. Science, 319:81-84.

52.       Shen*, B., S. Xiao#, A. J. Kaufman, H. Bao, C. Zhou, and H. Wang, 2008, Stratification and mixing of a post-glacial Neoproterozoic ocean: Evidence from carbon and sulfur isotopes in a cap dolostone from northwest China. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 265:209-228. 

51.       Shen*, B., S. Xiao#, L. Dong, C. Zhou, and J. Liu, 2007, Problematic macrofossils from Ediacaran successions in the North China and Chaidam blocks: Implications for their evolutionary roots and biostratigraphic significance. Journal of Paleontology, 81:1406-1421.

50.       Schiffbauer*, J., L. Yin, R. J. Bodnar, A. J. Kaufman, F. Meng, J. Hu, B. Shen, X. Yuan, H. Bao, and S. Xiao, 2007, Ultrastructural and geochemical characterization of Archean-Paleoproterozoic graphite particles: Implications for recognizing traces of life in highly metamorphosed rocks. Astrobiology, 7:684-704.

49.       Zhou, C., G. Xie, K. McFadden, S. Xiao, and X. Yuan, 2007, The diversification and extinction of Doushantuo-Pertatataka acritarchs in South China: Causes and biostratigraphic significance. Geological Journal, 42:229-262.

48.       Xiao, S., C. Zhou, and X. Yuan, 2007, Undressing and redressing Ediacaran embryos. Nature, 446: E9-10.

47.       Xiao, S., J. W. Hagadorn, C. Zhou, and X. Yuan, 2007, Rare helical spheroidal fossils from the Doushantuo Lagerstätte: Ediacaran animal embryos come of age? Geology, 35: 115-118.

46.       Zhou*, C. and S. Xiao#, 2007, Ediacaran d13C chemostratigraphy of South China. Chemical Geology, 237: 89-108.

45.       Hagadorn, J. W., S. Xiao, P. C. J. Donoghue, S. Bengtson, N. J. Gostling, M. Pawlowska, E. C. Raff, R. A. Raff, F. R. Turner, C. Yin, C. Zhou, X. Yuan, M. B. McFeely, M. Stampanoni, and K. H. Nealson, 2006, Cellular and subcellular structure of Neoproterozoic embryos. Science, 314: 291–294.

44.       Huntley*, J. W., S. Xiao, and M. Kowalewski, 2006, On the morphological history of Proterozoic and Cambrian acritarchs. p. 23-56. In S. Xiao and A. J. Kaufman (ed.), Neoproterozoic Geobiology and Paleobiology. Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.

43.       Xiao, S. and L. Dong*, 2006, On the morphological and ecological history of Proterozoic macroalgae. p. 57-90. In S. Xiao and A. J. Kaufman (ed.), Neoproterozoic Geobiology and Paleobiology. Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.

42.       Yuan, X., S. Xiao, and C. Zhou, 2006, Evolutionary radiation of eukaryotes during the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo stage. p. In J. Rong (ed.), Origination, Radiation, and Biodiversity Changes: Evidence from the Chinese Fossil Record. Science Press, Beijing.

41.       Huntley*, J. W., S. Xiao, and M. Kowalewski, 2006, 1.3 billion years of acritarch history: An empirical morphospace approach. Precambrian Research, 144: 52-68.

40.       Pyle, L. J., G. M. Narbonne, G. S. Nowlan, S. Xiao, and N. P. James, 2006, Early Cambrian metazoan eggs, embryos, and phosphatic microfossils from northwestern Canada. Journal of Paleontology, 80:811-825.

39.       Xiao, S., B. Shen*, C. Zhou, G. Xie, and X. Yuan, 2005, A uniquely preserved Ediacaran fossil with direct evidence for a quilted bodyplan. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 102: 10227-10232.

38.       Yuan, X., S. Xiao#, and T. N. Taylor, 2005, Lichen-like symbiosis 600 million years ago. Science, 308: 1017-1020.

37.       Yao*, J., S. Xiao#, L. Yin, G. Li, and X. Yuan, 2005, Basal Cambrian microfossils from the Yurtus and Xishanblaq formations (Tarim, north-west China): Systematic revision and biostratigraphic correlation of Micrhystridium-like acritarchs from China. Palaeontology, 48: 687-708.

36.       Hua, H., Z. Chen, X. Yuan, L. Zhang, and S. Xiao#, 2005, Skeletogenesis and asexual reproduction in the earliest biomineralizing animal Cloudina. Geology, 33:277-280.

35.       Xiao, S., J. Hu, X. Yuan, R. L. Parsley, and R. Cao, 2005, Articulated sponges from the Early Cambrian Hetang Formation in southern Anhui, South China: Their age and implications for the early evolution of sponges. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 220:89-117.

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31.       Xiao, S., 2004, Life on Earth: Precambrian Eukaryotes. In R. C. Selley, R. Cocks, and I. R. Plimer (ed.), Encyclopedia of Geology. Volume 4, p. 354-363. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

30.       Xiao, S., 2004, Neoproterozoic glaciations and the fossil record. In G. S. Jenkins, M. McMenamin, C. P. McKay, and L. E. Sohl (ed.), Multidisciplinary Studies Exploring Extreme Proterozoic Environment Conditions. p. 199-214. American Geophysical Union (AGU), Washington DC.

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28.       Zhou*, C., R. Tucker, S. Xiao#, Z. Peng, X. Yuan, and Z. Chen, 2004, New constraints on the ages of Neoproterozoic glaciations in South China. Geology, 32:437-440.

27.       Xiao, S., An arthropod sphinx. 2004, Chinese Science Bulletin, 49: 983-984.

26.       Xiao, S., H. Bao, H. Wang, A. J. Kaufman, C. Zhou, G. Li, X. Yuan, and H. Ling, 2004, The Neoproterozoic Quruqtagh Group in eastern Chinese Tianshan: Evidence for a post-Marinoan glaciation. Precambrian Research, 130:1-26.

25.       Xiao, S., 2004, New multicellular algal fossils and acritarchs in Doushantuo chert nodules (Neoproterozoic, Yangtze Gorges, South China). Journal of Paleontology, 78(2):393-401.

24.       Xiao, S., A. H. Knoll, X. Yuan, and C. M. Pueschel, 2004, Phosphatized multicellular algae in the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation, China, and the early evolution of florideophyte red algae. American Journal of Botany, 91:214-227.

23.       Kaufman, A. J., and S. Xiao, 2003, High CO2 levels in the Proterozoic atmosphere estimated from ion microprobe analysis of individual microfossils. Nature, 425:279-282.

22.       Barfod, G.H., F. Albaréde, A. H. Knoll, S. Xiao, P. Télouk, R. Frei, and J. Baker, 2002, New Lu-Hf and Pb-Pb age constraints on the earliest animal fossils. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 201:203-212.

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20.       Xiao, S., 2002, Mitotic topologies and mechanics of Neoproterozoic algae and animal embryos. Paleobiology, 28(2):244-250.

19.       Xiao, S., X. Yuan, M. Steiner and A. H. Knoll, 2002, Macroscopic carbonaceous compressions in a terminal Proterozoic shale: A reassessment of the Neoproterozoic Miaohe carbonaceous biota in South China. Journal of Paleontology, 76(2):347-376.

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