For Chemistry, the Minnesota Academic Standards are:
Structure and Properties of Matter:
Understanding the atomic structure, including the arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons within atoms.
Exploring periodic trends and the properties of elements on the periodic table.
Investigating the structure and properties of compounds, including molecular and ionic compounds.
Chemical Reactions:
Studying different types of chemical reactions, such as synthesis, decomposition, combustion, single replacement, and double replacement reactions.
Balancing chemical equations and understanding the concept of stoichiometry.
Exploring factors that affect the rate of chemical reactions.
Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions:
Understanding the concepts of energy, enthalpy, and entropy.
Exploring exothermic and endothermic reactions and their implications.
Investigating the relationship between energy changes and reaction rates.
The Behavior of Gases:
Studying the properties and behaviors of gases, including gas laws (Boyle's law, Charles's law, Avogadro's law, etc.).
Exploring the kinetic molecular theory and the behavior of gases under different conditions.
Solutions and Solubility:
Understanding the properties of solutions and factors that affect solubility.
Investigating concentration units and calculations, such as molarity and molality.
Exploring colligative properties and their applications.
Acids and Bases:
Studying the properties of acids and bases, including pH, pOH, and indicators.
Exploring acid-base reactions, titrations, and buffers.