Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (Au, Ag, ZnO, TiO₂, Fe₃O₄, etc.)
Carbon-based nanomaterials (graphene, CNTs, nanodiamonds, fullerenes)
Polymeric nanomaterials (biodegradable, stimuli-responsive, hydrogels)
Hybrid nanocomposites and bio-nanocomposites
Quantum dots and luminescent nanomaterials for bioimaging
2D nanomaterials (MXenes, MoS₂, black phosphorus, etc.)
Piezoelectric and ferroelectric biomaterials (for sensors, stimulators)
Magnetoelectric and magnetic nanomaterials (for MRI contrast, hyperthermia)
Electroactive polymers (for biosensing, actuation, tissue stimulation)
Shape-memory alloys and polymers for biomedical implants
Biocompatible ceramics and bioactive glasses
Antimicrobial and antifouling coatings
Biofunctional coatings for implants (Ti-based, hydroxyapatite, etc.)
Nanostructured thin films for drug release
Self-assembled monolayers and smart coatings
Biodegradable and resorbable coatings for stents and orthopedic devices
Nanomaterial-based biosensors (electrochemical, optical, plasmonic)
Wearable and flexible biosensors
Implantable sensors for continuous health monitoring
Lab-on-a-chip and organ-on-a-chip technologies
Point-of-care diagnostic devices
Nanocarriers: liposomes, dendrimers, micelles, polymeric nanoparticles
Stimuli-responsive drug delivery (pH, temperature, magnetic, light)
Transdermal and mucosal delivery systems
Injectable hydrogels and scaffolds for sustained release
Theranostic materials (simultaneous therapy + diagnostics)
Smart scaffolds for bone, cartilage, and soft tissues
Nanocomposites for enhanced mechanical and biological performance
Bioinks and 3D/4D printing materials for tissue regeneration
Conductive and piezoelectric scaffolds for nerve and muscle repair
Hydrogel-based artificial extracellular matrices
Magnetic nanoparticles for hyperthermia and targeted drug delivery
Magnetoelectric materials for neuromodulation
Plasmonic nanostructures for sensing and photothermal therapy
Photonic and optoelectronic devices for bioimaging
Light-responsive and photoactive biomaterials
Flexible/stretchable electronics for biomedical monitoring
Implantable pacemakers, neural stimulators, cochlear implants
Smart prosthetics and bionics with integrated sensors
Energy harvesting devices (piezoelectric, triboelectric for implants)
Wireless powering and data transfer in medical devices
AI-driven materials design for biomedical applications
Digital twins for device/material optimization
Data-driven biomaterials discovery
Machine learning for biosensing and diagnostic interpretation
Biocompatibility and toxicity assessment of nanomaterials
In-vitro, in-vivo, and clinical translation of smart materials
Regulatory guidelines for medical devices and implants
Sustainability and green synthesis of biomedical materials
Industrial perspectives and commercialization