A multi-perspective approach towards human kinds interaction with the plastic they produce.
Over the course of earths existence, historians have divided time into various epochs, with the one we are currently living in known as the Anthropocene. The rise and time of mankind's domination. It is an epoch in which our influence and alteration of our environment has become so apparent, particularly since the rise of the industrial revolution, that the impact can be seen all around the globe. However, there is another epoch birthed from this Anthropocene. One that coincides with the rise of plastic products that has come to dominate the even parts of the world that mankind has not fully explored. While the Anthropocene may comprise many different human centric impacts on the earth, the Plasticine (the age of plastic), touches every corner of land and sea.
The Plasticine is "an era in Earth's history, within the Anthropocene, commencing in the 1950s, marked stratigraphically in the depositional record by a new and increasing layer of plastic polymers]". It is a time period in which we can see the rise and impact of plastic in both cultures, and ecologies the world over. Today much of the discussion concerning the Plasticine deals with plastic waste, and how it impacts the lives.
The intention of this website is to explore the various perspectives of the Plasticine to provide a wholistic approach to understanding the phenomena. Using a multi-media approach, various forms of art, informative video, and statistical information hosted here are intended to present the viewer with a greater understanding as to the prevalence of plastic in our daily lives, and how different people interact with such a prolific substance. Here we examine how plastic production has influenced western culture, how other parts of the world interact with plastic (particularly plastic waste), and how the larger imagination of the Plasticine and change makers have been influenced by data. The intention is to show how intimate and complacent western society has become with our plastic, and explore how those ideas are challenged though differing perspectives.
Plastic is a catch-all term for various forms of malleable, man-made polymers with differing properties. These materials are the product of a process which transforms natural materials from oils, gases, and other organic substances into cheap, versatile, light, flexible, and long lasting forms. These polymers are extremely useful in just about every industry or product, but due to their longevity have become an extremely abundant burden to the planet's inhabitance. It is due to a combination of cheap overproduction and single-use intention that plastic waste pollution has become a serious issue in many parts of the world. Things would be difficult enough if the issue with plastic waste only dealt with quantity, however various forms of plastic can pose health and environmental dangers to both humans and other forms of life.
One of the most commonly recycled plastics, comprising various rigid plastic bottles and trays. A tough plastic.
Danger: "In the presence of heat it can leach antimony, a toxic metalloid, into food and beverages, which can cause vomiting, diarrhea and stomach ulcers" and also have been shown to affect the reproductive systems and population viability of microorganisms that are key for certain water based ecosystems (3).
Another common plastic, often used in white storage bottles such as milk and detergents, as well as the material for some bottle caps.
Danger: Can "leach estrogenic chemicals dangerous to fetuses and juveniles" Similarly to the PETE effect, this type of plastic also effects microecosystems by stunting population growth, but does so in a more permanent way (meaning lasts long after the plastic toxins are removed from the environment) (3) (4).
A versatile form of fragile plastic used in everything from single use plastic drinking bottles, to toys and even wire insolation.
Danger: "PVC contains a phthalate called DEHP, which can cause male traits to become more feminized," as well as other serious health problems such as certain forms of cancer (3). Also, it "can leak harmful additives during use and disposal"(5). "Besides health problems, there are a number of negative environmental impacts from the production and use of this material, such as problems in disposing of PVC, which is very difficult to recycle"(5).
A intentionally flexible and weak form of plastic used primarily in plastic wrap and bags.
Danger: Similar to the other forms of polyethylene plastics, this type can also leak estrogenic chemicals when exposed to high temperatures. Comparatively, it is one of the safer variations of polymers when it comes to exposure for the user. Still, it should be noted that as it is primarily used for packaging, it is a key contributor to the issue of single use plastics.
A soft, semi-rigid and semi-flexible form of plastic which will shatter if compressed. Commonly used in food containers like yogurt cups and medicine bottles
Danger: Of the plastic types listed here, polypropylene is likely the safest option in terms of toxicity due to it not containing BPA. However, the polymer still contains phthalates which can leach into either food or even the air causing developmental problems, cancers , and reproductive issues (6).
One of the most disposed of forms of plastic, which easily compresses and tears. Used in both food and drink containers, as well as packaging.
Danger: "Polystyrene can leach styrene, a suspected carcinogen, especially in the presence of heat," however it is the foam variation of this polymer that is the most environmentally damaging for aquatic ecosystems. it can disassemble "into its component little cells, which float away and can be consumed by aquatic and marine creatures" but like other plastics does not actually breakdown fully for a long time, remaining in the food chain, and causing cancers and other health problems for all organisms (7).
This last form of plastic incorporates many sub variations that don't fit into any particular category. However, they are often similar to Polypropylene in that the products they are used in are often tough but shatter under the right amount of pressure.
Danger: Almost all other forms of plastic not belonging to the previous 6 categories is "likely to leach BPA and/or BPS, both potent endocrine disruptors linked to interfering with proper mood, growth, development, sexual function, reproductive function, and puberty, among other essential human developmental processes"(3) For reference, Byphenol A (BPA) is an industrial chemical that produces similar effects to estrogen(8).
Collectively plastic products can cause myriad health and environmental damages that affect both humans and animals alike from developmental damages, to reproduction issues, and even certain forms of cancer. This is in addition to the physical damages that plastic waste can enact on lifeforms around the world, from unsanitary living conditions, to internal damage from consumption, and the well known exfixciation and entanglement that certain objects (polymer nets, lines, and beverage pack rings for example) that many organisms fall victim to.
But, if this material is so dangerous to our and others wellbeing, why is it so omnipresent? Why do we use it at all? Well, aside from these dangers being the result of more recent studies, plastic is still a very useful material and has over time become an extremely influential if not intimate part of western society. Particularly in terms of the development of on-the-go and single-use societal trends.
Why has plastic become such a worldwide phenomena?
The origins of the first man-made plastic come from a time when people were looking for a substitute for the ever diminishing supply of ivory in the 1800s. The first plastic polymer created from plant fibers was then invented by John Wesley Hyatt, which could be tinted and shaped to mimic other naturally occurring substances. Over time this discovery would inform the creation of entirely synthetic forms of plastic, nor reliant on nature for resource extraction. "Nature only supplied so much wood, metal, stone, bone, tusk, and horn. But now humans could create new materials. This development helped not only people but also the environment" (9). Additionally, due to the cheap cost of production, these new plastics were seen as a possible way of making goods more affordable and thus more accessible to a larger population. However these polymers would not see prominent public use until the 1950s after WWII.
Like many of the technologies that now permeate the daily lives of the general public, the commercial use of synthetic plastic has its origins in its use and development for wartime technology. When the war ended, there were plenty of new plastic manufacturer in places like the United states which slowly changed their operation to focus on the consumer market. The proliferation of plastic in the United States consumer economy was furthered by post-depression era consumer mentalities, as "after experiencing the Great Depression and then World War II, Americans were ready to spend again, and much of what they bought was made of plastic" (9). Plastic slowly began to replace other, more naturally made products, and established itself as a mainstay of American consumerism.
Plastic replaced the metal and glass in cars, the dishes and furniture in our homes, and even the clothes on our backs. Food and other products started getting wrapped in plastic. Even the foundational elements of homes like plumbing and electricity became dominated by plastics like PVC piping and plastic wire coating. Plastic even replaced our entertainment, such in the case of toys, radio, and television. Possibly the greatest impact plastic has had on our modern society is not only in how it has invaded our daily lives, but improved them through technology. Without plastic, we would not have nearly the sanitary or versatile types of medical instruments that save lives today. Without plastic we would not have the same kind of lightweight computers, phones, or other electronic devices that we depend on for much of our day. Plastic is now integral to our way of life.
Plastic, due to its inexpensive nature, and ease of manufacturing just about anything, made all sorts of products affordable to the general consumer. It is with this drive of capital, that we see an explosion of plastic production, and the start of our concerns with this universally useful substance.
"Our new Throwaway culture fell in love with single use plastics, and didn't worry about the consequences" - National Geographic
"While the plastic century brought convenience and cost-effectiveness, it also created staggering environmental problems" - TED Ed
"Plastic has long since ceased to be a revolutionary material, instead it became trash" - Kurzgesagt