While providing accurate measurements, the use of conventional inclinometers is time consuming and can hardly meet the requirements of real-time monitoring [19]. To achieve this required monitoring performance, in-place inclinometer (IPI) systems have been developed [20], representing an essential tool for continuous monitoring of the deformation of structures, retaining walls, embankments, and slopes in structural and geotechnical engineering [20,21,22].

TC220 helps bring together practitioners, academics and suppliers, to exchange knowledge on field monitoring. For more information visit our website at www.field-monitoring.org and use the publications below.

Geotechnical Instrumentation For Monitoring Field Performance

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Launched in 2014 by NHAZCA S.r.l., ICGSM is an important international professional training event on the role of monitoring activities in geotechnical and structural engineering. The first seven editions were attended by more than 600 experts, scholars and professional

Field Monitoring in Geomechanics deals with assessing the performance of engineering structures using instrumentation and other related information. The applications include dams and embankments, structures and foundations, transport infrastructure including tunnels and other underground openings, open cut and underground mines, natural slopes, land reclamation, repositories for industrial or nuclear waste and offshore structures.

Planning a monitoring programme using geotechnical instrumentation should proceed through the steps outlined below. All of these planning steps should, if possible, be completed before geotechnical monitoring work commences in the field.

The second golden rule (remember that the first golden rule has been given in Step 3 above) is: Tasks should be assigned to the people who have the greatest motivation to achieve high quality data. Many geotechnical monitoring programmes have been unsuccessful because planners of the programmes have assigned key tasks to people who have inadequate motivation. Hence this step is of the utmost importance, and is covered in some detail in this section.

However, if the monitoring programme has been initiated by the project designers and if local regulations demand that instrumentation field work must be assigned to the principal construction contractor, it is essential to have partnering and rigorous and enforced specifications.

The preceding eight steps should be completed before instruments are selected. When selecting instruments, the overriding desirable feature is reliability and inherent in reliability is as simple as the requirements allow. Selection of instruments and readout equipment depends directly on the methods used for data collection. The scale of the geotechnical monitoring programme should match the scale and complexity of the geotechnical questions and should also match the identified risks.

There are numerous reasons a construction team may need geotechnical instrumentation and monitoring on their job site. Whether it be for measuring displacements of adjacent buildings, utilities, and excavation support systems in urban and suburban environments, or slope failures and dam construction in rural or semi-suburban areas, there is always a piece of equipment or methodology that will assist in accomplishing the measurement and performance evaluation of these systems.

Inclinometers and tilt meters are both used to measure excavation and structural displacements. Typical use cases include measuring the performance of excavation support systems during excavation and construction, installation in landslide or slope failure zones, structural building monitoring for tilt, and along retaining walls (solid concrete, segmental, etc.).

In general, the combined effect of elastic, plastic, and viscosity parameters creates soils deformation. Thus, soils behavior becomes complex and hard to predict. Geotechnical engineers predict ground behavior using finite difference or finite element computer modeling. However, the complexity of the soil profile and loading conditions in some cases makes the performance of the soils far from the predictions. Geotechnical instrumentation fills the gap between prediction and performance. It helps prevent soil mass failure as well as damage to structures on the ground. Geotechnical Instrumentation, on the one hand, monitors structural and soils deformation, stresses on structural elements, and groundwater pressure and inflows. On the other hand, it provides construction control and performance monitoring for safe construction.

Where limited geotechnical instrumentation may be used for simple projects, it is crucial for the successful completion of critical and complex projects such as tunnels, slopes, deep excavations near sensitive structures, etc. In general, the process of applying geotechnical instrumentation to a project includes the following steps:

Geotechnical Engineer with experience in instrumentation and real-time performance monitoring of dams, tunnels, bridges, deep excavations, slopes and embankments. Dr. Marr is a recognized leader for instrumentation and monitoring of civil works projects around the world.

Professional Engineer in geotechnical and environmental disciplines with expertise in instrumentation and monitoring of roadways, bridges, buildings (commercial, residential, government), dams, tunnels, and MSE walls.

Lead Instrumentation Project Manager with specialized knowledge in automated and manual data acquisition, vibration monitoring, rail track deformation monitoring, condition surveying, and geotechnical instrumentation.

Project Manager in geotechnical and structural instrumentation & monitoring, installing, maintaining, and troubleshooting geotechnical instruments in the New York City area on various bridges, retaining walls, buildings and tunnels.

Geotechnical Monitoring goes hand-in-hand with geotechnical instrumentation. For instance, whenever a structure is planned, a proper surveying of the construction site as well as the nearby site is carried out. A Geotechnical Survey is essential to check the soil profile and groundwater level before constructing any structure.

Once the construction work begins, continuous real-time monitoring is carried out so that the structure is made as per the expectations. Even after the completion of the project, constant monitoring and geotechnical surveys are carried on to gauge the structural changes.

One such company is the Encardio Rite Group. Established in Lucknow, India in the year 1966, Encardio Rite Group is a World leader in safety monitoring providing geotechnical instrumentation, structural & environmental monitoring along geodetic surveying solutions. Over the years, it has become an established brand for its specialized services with high-quality products and innovative online solutions.

Encardio Rite provides the most comprehensive range of Geotechnical services and products including data collection, database management, complex monitoring, surveying, installation, supply, and calibration of geotechnical and geodetic instrumentation with in-house developed advanced software.

(a) R&D Division: Encardio Rite is a leader in technological advancements with cutting-edge software, instrumentation, monitoring, and manufacturing techniques to address the dynamic requirements of the evolving construction and environmental sectors.

During the design stage, instrumentation installed in the exploratory tunnels and boreholes gives information regarding the existing ground conditions which in turn helps in optimizing the design. The Geotechnical Investigation confirms the design and monitoring plan.

Long-term geotechnical monitoring services during the operational stages of the tunnel ensure its safety, determining the effects of any natural calamity (like an earthquake) on its structural integrity. Geotechnical investigation for tunnels helps in planning and optimizing the maintenance schedules.

Advances in geotechnical instrumentation, surveying technologies, and data transmission systems now make it possible to monitor these slopes conveniently and economically. Remote (near real-time) monitoring of slope movement and other parameters potentially affecting it can be a correct approach for risk mitigation in unstable or potentially unstable slopes.

However, the groundwater monitoring task becomes gigantic and expensive when the number of sites and parameters to be monitored increases. Automated monitoring systems are the best geotechnical software solutions that provide data from different parts of the Country at a remote central location in near real-time.

The collapse of a bridge is often preceded by a change in the tilt of affected areas. The comprehensive geotechnical instrumentation is effectively used to online monitor the different types of structures to give timely warnings on impending danger. The purpose is to assist and inform the owner/designer/contractor/architect about the continued performance of structures under gradual or sudden changes to their state.

The main geotechnical problems affecting the performance are degradation of structure with age, undue settlement/tilt due to soil conditions or nearby construction activity, vibrations due to traffic, groundwater level, atmospheric conditions, and movement of slopes in hilly areas, etc. This may be reflected in abnormal changes in tilt and settlement values.

Monitoring a dam is essential to understand the foundation and structural behavior both during the construction and operation of the dam. Geotechnical Monitoring Services and Instrumentation plays a key role in safety monitoring for dams and people, providing necessary information on the performance of the dam and detecting problems at an early and preventable stage.

The geotechnical survey scope of work and nature of instrumentation depends not only on the complexity of the dam and the size of the reservoir but also on the potential for loss of life and property downstream. This information is critical for the dam owner who is directly responsible for any consequences of a dam failure. 589ccfa754

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