Comets are remnants of the early stages of the Solar system and the most pristine Solar system bodies. Understanding their nature and evolution history provides important clues about the formation of the Solar system and the planets. Comets contain complex organic molecules, and may have played a key role in delivering water and organics from the interstellar medium to the early Earth, contributing to the origin of life. The strong scientific interest in the Solar system small bodies is well demonstrated by numerous space missions in the recent years, such as Stardust, Deep Impact, Dawn and New Horizon etc. Particularly, ESA’s very successful Rosetta mission recently visited comet 67P and made several ground-breaking discoveries that have dramatically increased our knowledge about comets. However, most of the space missions can only perform short-term studies over a narrow time window of single objects. We are currently lacking long-term observations to study variations in cometary activity as well the compositional differences in the coma of the same comet as it evolves along its orbit around the Sun.

Research in Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) is a crucial aspect of modern cosmology, offering  valuable insights into  the early universe  and its evolution. Here are some key areas of  research in CMB.

• Cosmic Origins: Investigating the origins and properties of the CMB to understand the initial moments of the universe after the Big Bang.

• Cosmological Parameters: Using CMB data to constrain and refine cosmological models, determining parameters like the Hubble constant, density of dark matter and dark energy, and the overall geometry of the universe.

• Inflationary Cosmology: Studying the imprint of cosmic inflation on the CMB to gain insights into the universe's rapid expansion in its early stages.

• Cosmic Structure Formation: The seeds of cosmic structure, including galaxies and galaxy clusters, are imprinted in the CMB. Understanding the formation and evolution of these structures is a key focus of research.

• Observational Techniques: Using advanced telescopes and instruments to measure  the CMB's temperature and  polarization (especially B-modes) with high  precision (e.g; QUBIC Project)