The One Big Beautiful Bill Act created some of the biggest changes to the federal student loan system in decades. While many of the most significant changes affect graduate students, families with undergraduate students will also feel the impact—especially through changes to Parent PLUS loans.
For families with students applying to college this fall, the most important takeaway is this: borrowing options are changing, and families should not assume federal loans will always be available to cover large gaps between a college’s price and what they can afford.
1. Parent PLUS Loans Have New Limits
Historically, Parent PLUS loans allowed parents to borrow up to the full remaining cost of attendance after other financial aid was applied. This meant families could use student loans first, then rely on Parent PLUS borrowing to cover much of the remaining gap between the college’s price and their available resources.
Under the new law, Parent PLUS loans will no longer function as an almost unlimited borrowing option. For new borrowers beginning with loans made this month, Parent PLUS loans will be capped at:
• $20,000 per year per student
• $65,000 total per student
This represents a major shift in how many families have traditionally financed college.
How families have typically borrowed for college
The traditional approach has been to layer multiple sources of funding:
1. Families use savings, scholarships, grants and institutional aid.
2. The student borrows through the federal Direct Loan program.
3. Parents use Parent PLUS loans if additional borrowing is needed.
4. Some families turn to private student loans if a gap remains.
For dependent undergraduate students, federal Direct Loan limits remain relatively modest:
• Freshman year: $5,500
• Sophomore year: $6,500
• Junior year: $7,500
• Senior year: $7,500
The total lifetime borrowing limit for a dependent undergraduate student remains $31,000.
Because these limits often do not cover the full cost of attendance at many four-year colleges, families have historically relied on Parent PLUS loans to fill the difference.
The goal behind the changes
Supporters of the changes argue that limiting borrowing will encourage colleges and universities to address rising costs. The idea is that if students and families have less ability to borrow large amounts, colleges may face more pressure to control prices, increase institutional aid, and rethink expensive programs.
The challenge is that families may feel the effects before colleges adjust.
A student who once could use federal borrowing to bridge the gap between a school’s price and what a family could realistically pay may now have fewer financing options.
What should parents do?
Build your college list around schools your family can afford—not around the assumption that loans will cover the difference.
Before applying, families should:
• Understand the true cost of attendance at each school.
• Compare financial aid offers carefully.
• Look at the four-year cost, not just the first-year price.
• Understand how much borrowing will be required to graduate.
• Use affordability as a key factor when creating a college list.
How?
Run the Net Price Calculator
Review School's Merit and Scholarship pages
Check Common Data Set - look for need met and merit percentages
Identify School's Aid Model (meets full need? heavy Merit?)
Estimate likely net cost and compare to alternatives.
2. Pell Grant Eligibility Changes
The law also changes some Pell Grant eligibility rules. These changes are designed to adjust how federal aid eligibility is determined and to prevent families with significant financial resources from qualifying based only on income information.
We can no longer assume that last year’s FAFSA results will automatically apply to future years.
Mark October 1st on your calendar – that’s the date FAFSA opens. Complete the FAFSA as early as possible.
Paying for college is becoming more complicated—not less
The connection between borrowing ability and college pricing has been debated for decades. College costs have not increased because of Parent PLUS loans alone, but expanded access to borrowing has been one factor in how families have managed rising prices.
Over the past 30 years, inflation-adjusted college costs have risen significantly. According to College Board, published tuition and fees at public four-year colleges roughly doubled after adjusting for inflation from the mid-1990s to the 2025-26 academic year. Private nonprofit four-year college tuition and fees also increased substantially during that period.
The bigger message for families is that college affordability requires planning earlier than ever. Families need to evaluate financial aid packages, borrowing limits, scholarships, savings, and the total four-year cost before making a decision.
Build your college list around what your family can afford—not around the assumption that loans will bridge the gap.
Understanding what a school will actually cost before applying is one of the most important steps families can take.
For more guidance, see my college guide: focus on knowing what a school will charge, determine the type of school that aligns with your family’s financial situation, and use the tools I show you to build a target list of colleges that fit your budget.
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Sources
• College Board — Trends in College Pricing and Student Aid
• National Association of Student Financial Aid Administrators — FAFSA and Pell Grant eligibility updates
• U.S. Department of Education — Federal Student Aid information on loans and FAFSA