As atmospheric pressure decreases, water boils at lower temperatures. At sea level, water boils at 212 F. With each 500-feet increase in elevation, the boiling point of water is lowered by just under 1 F. At 7,500 feet, for example, water boils at about 198 F. Because water boils at a lower temperature at higher elevations, foods that are prepared by boiling or simmering will cook at a lower temperature, and it will take longer to cook.


High altitude areas are also prone to low humidity, which can cause the moisture in foods to evaporate more quickly during cooking. Covering foods during cooking will help retain moisture.


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Meat and poultry products are composed of muscle, connective tissue, fat, and bone. The muscle is approximately 75% water (although different cuts of meat may have more or less water) and 20% protein, with the remaining 5% representing a combination of fat, carbohydrates and minerals. The leaner the meat, the higher the water content (less fat means more protein, thus more water).


With such high water content, meat and poultry are susceptible to drying out while being cooked if special precautions are not taken. Cooking meat and poultry at high altitudes may require adjustments in both time and moisture. This is especially true for meat cooked by simmering or braising. Depending on the density and size of the pieces, meats and poultry cooked by moist heat may take up to one-fourth more cooking time when cooked at 5,000 feet. Use the sea-level time and temperature guidelines when oven-roasting meat and poultry, as oven temperatures are not affected by altitude changes.


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Meat: When taking the temperature of beef, pork, lamb, and veal roasts, steaks, or chops, the food thermometer should be placed in the thickest part of the meat, avoiding bone and fat. When the food being cooked is irregularly shaped, such as with a beef roast, check the temperature in several places.


Cook all raw beef, pork, lamb and veal steaks, chops, and roasts to a minimum internal temperature of 145 F as measured with a food thermometer before removing meat from the heat source. For safety and quality, allow meat to rest for at least three minutes before carving or consuming. For reasons of personal preference, consumers may choose to cook meat to higher temperatures.


Cook all raw ground beef, pork, lamb, and veal to an internal temperature of 160 F as measured with a food thermometer.


Poultry: A whole turkey, chicken, or other poultry is safe cooked to a safe minimum internal temperature of 165 F as measured with a food thermometer. Check the internal temperature in the innermost part of the thigh and wing and the thickest part of the breast. For reasons of personal preference, consumers may choose to cook poultry to higher temperatures.


For optimum safety, do not stuff whole poultry. If stuffing whole poultry, the center of the stuffing must reach a safe minimum internal temperature of 165 F.


If cooking poultry parts, insert the food thermometer into the thickest area, avoiding the bone. The food thermometer may be inserted sideways if necessary. When the food is irregularly shaped, the temperature should be checked in several places.


Thin Foods: When measuring the temperature of a thin food, such as a hamburger patty, pork chop, or chicken breast, an instant-read food thermometer should be used, if possible.


The probe must be inserted in the side of the food so that the entire sensing area (usually 2-3 inches) is positioned through the center of the food.


To avoid burning fingers, it may be helpful to remove the food from the heat source (if cooking on a grill or in a frying pan) and insert the food thermometer sideways after placing the item on a clean spatula or plate.


Combination Dishes: For casseroles and other combination dishes, place the food thermometer into the thickest portion of the food or the center of the food. Egg dishes and dishes containing ground meat and poultry should be checked in several places.


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Yes, it can take longer to cook eggs at high altitudes, especially those cooked in boiling water such as poached and hard-cooked eggs. Because water boils at a lower temperature at high altitudes, hard-cooked eggs will take longer to prepare. It will most likely take longer to hard cook eggs at high altitudes than at sea level.

Due to the faster evaporation of liquids at high altitude, microwave cooking may take less time than at sea level. There are exceptions: meat, poultry, pasta, and rice require the maximum cooking time. Follow the manufacturer's instructions or recipe and microwave for slightly less than the minimum length of time recommended. Add cooking time, if necessary. Use a food thermometer to determine if the safe minimum internal temperature has been reached.

Check the manufacturer's instructions. If your slow cooker has an adjustable temperature control, select a setting that will maintain the food at 200 F or higher. If your slow cooker has both a high and low setting, start the food cooking on high for the first hour; then either continue to use high or turn it to the low setting for the remainder of cooking. The low setting may also be used for keeping food warm.

Allow longer cooking times at high altitudes. Do not remove the lid from the slow cooker; it can take 20 minutes or longer for the lost steam and heat to be regained. It may be helpful to place aluminum foil on top of the foods being cooked in a slow cooker and under the lid. The aluminum foil will reflect the heat downward into the food. Use a food thermometer to ensure that all food in the slow cooker has reached a safe temperature of 165 F.

Pressure cookers come with one or more pre-set weighted gauges. If your pressure cooker only comes with one weighted gauge, you will need to increase the cooking time to account for the lower cooking temperature at higher altitudes. If the pressure cooker has more than one weight, you may be able to make the needed adjustment by using the higher weight. Be sure to follow the directions that come with the pressure cooker for making altitude adjustments for the type of pressure cooker you are using. If there are no recommendations for altitude adjustment, contact the manufacturer directly.

On the buffet table, keep cold food cold by nesting dishes in bowls of ice or use small serving trays, and replace them often. If perishable foods are left at room temperature for more than 2 hours, harmful bacteria can multiply and cause foodborne illness. When temperatures are 90 F or higher, limit the time foods sit out of refrigeration to just 1 hour. Foods left at room temperature will also dry out faster at high altitudes.

Higher qualities, such as 4K or 1080p, can take more time to process. While this processing happens, your video may seem to be missing higher qualities for several hours. Once high-resolution processing is finished, higher qualities will be available on your video.

For instance, 4K videos are 4 times larger than 1080p videos. It can take 4 times longer for 4K quality to be available after an upload finishes. A 4K video with a frame rate of 30 fps that is 60 minutes long can take up to 4 hours to finish high-resolution processing. A 4K video with a frame rate of 60fps will take longer.

Abstract:This work describes a systematic review of the research on take-home exams in tertiary education. It was found that there is some disagreement in the community about the virtues of take-home exams but also a lot of agreement. It is concluded that take-home exams may be the preferred choice of assessment method on the higher taxonomy levels because they promote higher-order thinking skills and allow time for reflection. They are also more consonant with constructive alignment theories and turn the assessment into a learning activity. Due to the obvious risk of unethical student behavior, take-home exams are not recommended on the lowest taxonomy level. It is concluded that there is still a lot of research missing concerning take-home exams in higher education and some of this research may be urgent due to the emergence of massive online open courses (MOOCs) and online universities where non-proctored exams prevail.Keywords: take-home exam; in-class exam; higher-order cognitive skills; unethical student behavior

Is there a benefit of taking a new FTP test and potentially train with higher FTP, compared to continue with same FTP and increase the progression levels?

Is it better to train with high FTP or better to train with high progression levels?

Please help me decide if I should take a new FTP test tomorrow or continue until the progression levels reach higher numbers.

If you set an FTP that is some hope/wish/goal that is higher than your actual FTP, you will be experiencing workouts that are too hard, making presumably poor survey results (Hard, Very Hard All Out) far more than you would if you were following a plan based upon a proper FTP.

The pandemic has only exacerbated these inequities and makes finding a solution all the more urgent if higher education is to become a more accessible path to the middle class. While the Biden administration can make strides through executive actions, fundamentally fixing the system will depend on Congress embracing major reforms. Here are six actions Congress should take on higher education in 2021.

Public colleges across the country are facing declining enrollment and dire financial challenges in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, and these challenges are expected to worsen as state budgets contract. Public funding for higher education never fully recovered from the last recession, and new funding cuts driven by the coronavirus have already begun. Community colleges, which are already underfunded despite serving large populations of low-income students and students of color, will be hit particularly hard. e24fc04721

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