Published Data

College panel 1850-1890: Xiong, Heyu and Zhao, Yiling. Sectarian Competition and the Market Provision of Human Capital. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2022-11-19. https://doi.org/10.3886/E183101V1

Catholic Mission Data in China 1919: Zhao, Yiling, and Ma, Ningning. Catholicism in early 20th century China: A re-examination. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2026-02-19. https://doi.org/10.3886/E246064V1

Ongoing Data Projects

Wujuren: Imperial Military Degree Holders in Qing dynasty

In this project, my team has collected all available Records of the Provincial Military Examination from the Qing dynasty, held at the First Historical Archives of China in Beijing and the Academia Sinica in Taipei. We have digitized the rankings, names, hometowns, identities, and scores on military skills for each candidate, along with comments on essay questions whenever available. In total, we have compiled records for 22,773 successful military examination candidates, representing approximately 20 percent of all military degree holders from the Qing dynasty. This project will reveal the selection criteria for military officers across different emperors and over time.

On the left is an image of the Provincial Military Examination Record for Zhejiang Province from 1761, showing the top five successful candidates along with their biographical and examination information.

Stereotypes：Evidence from U.S college yearbooks

While peer pressure is known to influence individual choices and decisions, direct measures of peer perceptions are difficult to obtain. In this project, I am collecting peer comments on students from American college yearbooks. To date, we have gathered 18,121 student profiles from 226 yearbooks published between approximately 1910 and 1920. Using this data, I aim to study historical stereotypes and examine how peer perceptions varied by gender, major choices and across coeducational versus single-sex institutions.

On the top left are two images from college yearbooks, showing each student's name, gender, hometown, major, and a peer comment.

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