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Return a complex number with the value real + imag*1j or convert a stringor number to a complex number. If the first parameter is a string, it willbe interpreted as a complex number and the function must be called without asecond parameter. The second parameter can never be a string. Each argumentmay be any numeric type (including complex). If imag is omitted, itdefaults to zero and the constructor serves as a numeric conversion likeint and float. If both arguments are omitted, returns0j.

Take two (non-complex) numbers as arguments and return a pair of numbersconsisting of their quotient and remainder when using integer division. Withmixed operand types, the rules for binary arithmetic operators apply. Forintegers, the result is the same as (a // b, a % b). For floating pointnumbers the result is (q, a % b), where q is usually math.floor(a /b) but may be 1 less than that. In any case q * b + a % b is veryclose to a, if a % b is non-zero it has the same sign as b, and 0

Type 3 Cnc Software

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Return the hash value of the object (if it has one). Hash values areintegers. They are used to quickly compare dictionary keys during adictionary lookup. Numeric values that compare equal have the same hashvalue (even if they are of different types, as is the case for 1 and 1.0).

Return True if the object argument is an instance of the classinfoargument, or of a (direct, indirect, or virtual) subclass thereof. If object is notan object of the given type, the function always returns False.If classinfo is a tuple of type objects (or recursively, other suchtuples) or a Union Type of multiple types, return True ifobject is an instance of any of the types.If classinfo is not a type or tuple of types and such tuples,a TypeError exception is raised. TypeError may not beraised for an invalid type if an earlier check succeeds.

The type of file object returned by the open() functiondepends on the mode. When open() is used to open a file in a textmode ('w', 'r', 'wt', 'rt', etc.), it returns a subclass ofio.TextIOBase (specifically io.TextIOWrapper). When usedto open a file in a binary mode with buffering, the returned class is asubclass of io.BufferedIOBase. The exact class varies: in readbinary mode, it returns an io.BufferedReader; in write binary andappend binary modes, it returns an io.BufferedWriter, and inread/write mode, it returns an io.BufferedRandom. When buffering isdisabled, the raw stream, a subclass of io.RawIOBase,io.FileIO, is returned.

The arguments must have numeric types. With mixed operand types, thecoercion rules for binary arithmetic operators apply. For intoperands, the result has the same type as the operands (after coercion)unless the second argument is negative; in that case, all arguments areconverted to float and a float result is delivered. For example, pow(10, 2)returns 100, but pow(10, -2) returns 0.01. For a negative base oftype int or float and a non-integral exponent, a complexresult is delivered. For example, pow(-9, 0.5) returns a value closeto 3j.

For int operands base and exp, if mod is present, mod mustalso be of integer type and mod must be nonzero. If mod is present andexp is negative, base must be relatively prime to mod. In that case,pow(inv_base, -exp, mod) is returned, where inv_base is an inverse tobase modulo mod.

Return a string containing a printable representation of an object. For manytypes, this function makes an attempt to return a string that would yield anobject with the same value when passed to eval(); otherwise, therepresentation is a string enclosed in angle brackets that contains the nameof the type of the object together with additional information oftenincluding the name and address of the object. A class can control what thisfunction returns for its instances by defining a __repr__() method.If sys.displayhook() is not accessible, this function will raiseRuntimeError.

For the built-in types supporting round(), values are rounded to theclosest multiple of 10 to the power minus ndigits; if two multiples areequally close, rounding is done toward the even choice (so, for example,both round(0.5) and round(-0.5) are 0, and round(1.5) is2). Any integer value is valid for ndigits (positive, zero, ornegative). The return value is an integer if ndigits is omitted orNone.Otherwise, the return value has the same type as number.

The __mro__ attribute of the object_or_type lists the methodresolution search order used by both getattr() and super(). Theattribute is dynamic and can change whenever the inheritance hierarchy isupdated.

If the second argument is omitted, the super object returned is unbound. Ifthe second argument is an object, isinstance(obj, type) must be true. Ifthe second argument is a type, issubclass(type2, type) must be true (thisis useful for classmethods).

With three arguments, return a new type object. This is essentially adynamic form of the class statement. The name string isthe class name and becomes the __name__ attribute.The bases tuple contains the base classes and becomes the__bases__ attribute; if empty, object, theultimate base of all classes, is added. The dict dictionary containsattribute and method definitions for the class body; it may be copiedor wrapped before becoming the __dict__ attribute.The following two statements create identical type objects:

This module provides runtime support for type hints. For the originalspecification of the typing system, see PEP 484. For a simplifiedintroduction to type hints, see PEP 483.

You may still perform all int operations on a variable of type UserId,but the result will always be of type int. This lets you pass in aUserId wherever an int might be expected, but will prevent you fromaccidentally creating a UserId in an invalid way:

Note that these checks are enforced only by the static type checker. At runtime,the statement Derived = NewType('Derived', Base) will make Derived acallable that immediately returns whatever parameter you pass it. That meansthe expression Derived(some_value) does not create a new class or introducemuch overhead beyond that of a regular function call.

Recall that the use of a type alias declares two types to be equivalent toone another. Doing type Alias = Original will make the static type checkertreat Alias as being exactly equivalent to Original in all cases.This is useful when you want to simplify complex type signatures.

In contrast, NewType declares one type to be a subtype of another.Doing Derived = NewType('Derived', Original) will make the static typechecker treat Derived as a subclass of Original, which means avalue of type Original cannot be used in places where a value of typeDerived is expected. This is useful when you want to prevent logicerrors with minimal runtime cost.

The subscription syntax must always be used with exactly two values: theargument list and the return type. The argument list must be a list of types,a ParamSpec, Concatenate, or an ellipsis. The return type mustbe a single type.

Callables which take other callables as arguments may indicate that theirparameter types are dependent on each other using ParamSpec.Additionally, if that callable adds or removes arguments from othercallables, the Concatenate operator may be used. Theytake the form Callable[ParamSpecVariable, ReturnType] andCallable[Concatenate[Arg1Type, Arg2Type, ..., ParamSpecVariable], ReturnType]respectively.

Since type information about objects kept in containers cannot be staticallyinferred in a generic way, many container classes in the standard library supportsubscription to denote the expected types of container elements.

list only accepts one type argument, so a type checker would emit anerror on the y assignment above. Similarly,Mapping only accepts two type arguments: the firstindicates the type of the keys, and the second indicates the type of thevalues.

To denote a tuple which could be of any length, and in which all elements areof the same type T, use tuple[T, ...]. To denote an empty tuple, usetuple[()]. Using plain tuple as an annotation is equivalent to usingtuple[Any, ...]:

Changed in version 3.12: Syntactic support for generics and type aliases is new in version 3.12.Previously, generic classes had to explicitly inherit from Genericor contain a type variable in one of their bases.

A user-defined generic class can have ABCs as base classes without a metaclassconflict. Generic metaclasses are not supported. The outcome of parameterizinggenerics is cached, and most types in the typing module are hashable andcomparable for equality.

Notice that no type checking is performed when assigning a value of typeAny to a more precise type. For example, the static type checker didnot report an error when assigning a to s even though s wasdeclared to be of type str and receives an int value atruntime!

That means when the type of a value is object, a type checker willreject almost all operations on it, and assigning it to a variable (or usingit as a return value) of a more specialized type is a type error. For example:

Initially PEP 484 defined the Python static type system as usingnominal subtyping. This means that a class A is allowed wherea class B is expected if and only if A is a subclass of B.

This requirement previously also applied to abstract base classes, such asIterable. The problem with this approach is that a class hadto be explicitly marked to support them, which is unpythonic and unlikewhat one would normally do in idiomatic dynamically typed Python code.For example, this conforms to PEP 484:

PEP 544 allows to solve this problem by allowing users to writethe above code without explicit base classes in the class definition,allowing Bucket to be implicitly considered a subtype of both Sizedand Iterable[int] by static type checkers. This is known asstructural subtyping (or static duck-typing):

Any stringliteral is compatible with LiteralString, as is anotherLiteralString. However, an object typed as just str is not.A string created by composing LiteralString-typed objectsis also acceptable as a LiteralString. be457b7860