The U.S. is the single largest donor to the Global Fund. Appropriations for the U.S. contribution to the Global Fund totaled approximately $28.2 billion from FY 2001 through FY 2023.27 As shown above, in FY 2021 the U.S. government provided $3.5 billion in emergency funding to the Global Fund to help the organization address the impacts of COVID-19 (in addition to the $250 million in emergency funds provided to bilateral HIV for COVID-19-related efforts).28

Includes funding through regular appropriations and emergency supplemental funding. KFF analysis of data from: Congressional appropriations bills and reports; Federal Agency Budget and Congressional Justification documents; ForeignAssistance.gov; KFF personal communication with the Office of Management and Budget.


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In 2020, some donor governments provided COVID-specific emergency contributions to the Global Fund in addition to their contributions to core activities. For the purposes of this fact sheet, these COVID-specific amounts have been excluded as they cannot be attributed to a specific area, such as HIV, TB, or malaria. Percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding. The Global Fund. Data Explorer; accessed July 2023:

President Carter signed Executive Order 12127, effective April 1, 1979, establishing FEMA. Shortly after, in signing Executive Order 12148 on July 20, 1979, President Carter gave the agency the dual mission of emergency management and civil defense.

The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 changed the face of homeland security and emergency management and drove major statute and policy changes to reorganize the federal government. In 2002, President W. Bush signed the Homeland Security Act, leading to the creation of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The department was created on March 1, 2003 and united FEMA and 21 other organizations.

Over the years, the combined efforts of the NRC, FEMA, nuclear power plant operators, State and local officials, as well as thousands of volunteers and first responders (such as police, firefighters, and medical response personnel), have produced comprehensive emergency preparedness programs that assure the adequate protection of the public in the event of a radiological emergency. The following chronology outlines significant nuclear power events that led to the maturity and success story of today's emergency preparedness programs.

1986 - On April 26, 1986, a major nuclear power station accident occurred at Chernobyl, Ukraine, in the former USSR. The accident destroyed the reactor and released massive amounts of radioactivity into the environment. The assessment of Chernobyl raised questions as to whether changes were needed to NRC regulations or guidance regarding reactivity accidents (accidents at low or zero power), operator training, and emergency planning.

However, emergency and disaster activities were still fragmented. When hazards associated with nuclear power plants and the transportation of hazardous substances were added to natural disasters, more than 100 federal agencies were involved in some aspect of disasters, hazards, and emergencies.

Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, Public Law 100-707, was signed into law November 23, 1988; it amended the Disaster Relief Act of 1974, Public Law 93-288. It created the system in place today by which a presidential disaster declaration of an emergency triggers financial and physical assistance through the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).

EMI and NFA are managed independently with unique participant audiences and curricula for the emergency management and national fire communities. EMI and NFA have collaborated on curricula and programs since their inception, and share in the operations costs of NETC.

Today EMI is accomplishing its mission of improving the competencies of U.S. officials at all levels of government to prevent, prepare for, respond to, recover from, and mitigate the potential effects of disasters and emergencies. EMI promotes integrated emergency management principles and practices through application of the National Response Framework (NRF), National Incident Management System (NIMS), and an all-hazards approach. EMI is the lead national emergency management training, exercising, and education institution.

EMI also enjoys close relations with several nationally recognized professional emergency management and related organizations and has interfaced with them through training, symposiums, and exercises. Some of these significant organizations include the International Association of Emergency Managers (IAEM), National Emergency Management Association (NEMA), Association of State Floodplain Managers (ASFPM), American Public Works Association (APWA), American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), and American Society of Engineering Management (ASEM). EMI is fully accredited by the International Association for Continuing Education and Training (IACET) and the American Council on Education (ACE).

EMI conducts three national-level symposiums. The Institute hosts the National Preparedness Directorate Annual National Preparedness Symposium, which is attended by Regional Training Managers, State Training Officers and Exercise Training Officers, State Administrative Authority Officials, and subject matter experts from a broad sector of the preparedness community. The Emergency Management Higher Education Symposium is held in June for more than 400 college and university officials with current or developing programs in emergency management and hosts more than 75 discussion panels throughout the Symposium. The National Dam Safety Program Technical Seminar, held in February, is attended by dam safety officials, hydrologists, engineers, and reclamation officials.

Since 1941, the Office of Emergency Management (OEM) has been providing disaster and emergency planning and response services to the City of Philadelphia. Retrace our milestones in the timeline below.

An airport emergency plan (AEP) is meant to support airports in defining roles and responsibilities of stakeholders during emergencies, identifying specific threats that could affect airports, and establishing communication protocols for the airport community.

Some nuclear power advocates downplay the health risks of ionizing radiation, asserting that emergency evacuations following nuclear disasters are more harmful than exposure to the radiation itself and pointing to the casualties following the 2011 Fukushima disaster evacuations in Japan as an example. But the remedy for poorly executed evacuations is better emergency planning, not the elimination of emergency planning altogether.

In the decades to follow, the imprint left by Portsmouth fostered an ad hoc approach to emergency management that, until the middle of the 20th century, Congress would repeat more than 100 times to deal with such well-known disasters as the great fires of New York City in 1835 and Chicago in 1871, the hurricane that leveled Galveston, Texas in 1900, and the devastating earthquake that struck San Francisco in 1906.

Despite these changes, emergency and disaster management activities remained fragmented. More than 100 federal agencies were involved in some aspect of these efforts, while state and local governments had many parallel programs and policies. The need to centralize federal emergency functions was made even more acute by the much publicized Three Mile Island nuclear power plant accident in 1978.

Emergency management has had a long history in the United States and its importance will only continue to grow. The threat of future terrorist attacks, natural disasters related to global warming, and flu pandemics continue to create a high demand for emergency management specialists who are formally trained in emergency management. The online MPA with a specialization in Emergency Management offered by Anna Maria College prepares students for disaster management jobs at the management or director level.

Under the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act , Local or Tribal Emergency Planning Committees must develop an emergency response plan, review the plan at least annually, and provide information about chemicals in the community to citizens.

Plans are developed by these emergency planning committees with stakeholder participation. There is one emergency planning committee for each of the more than 3,000 designated local and tribal emergency planning districts. The emergency planning committee membership must include (at a minimum):

Computer-Aided Management of Emergency Operations Software Suite is a system of five applications intended to help communities plan for and respond to chemical emergencies. The suite includes the following applications ALOHA Air Modeling, CAMEO Chemicals, CAMEO Data Manager, MARPLOT GIS, and Tier2 Submit. The software system is free and available for download on the CAMEO website.

Note: These boundaries were provided by the State Emergency Response Committees. Please coordinate with the emergency planning committees to verify accuracy. For questions about the boundaries, contact the EPA EPCRA Information Center (800) 424-9346; (703) 348-5070 in the Washington, D.C. area.

Governed by dedicated plans and procedures, tempered by experience, the South Carolina Emergency Management Division remains dedicated to its mission to save lives and protect property in the Palmetto State.

Broad representation by fire fighters, health officials, government and media representatives, community groups, industrial facilities, and emergency managers ensures that all necessary elements of the planning process are represented.

Numerous policy changes have expanded access to emergency contraception, such as Plan B, in recent years. Plan B is a progesterone-based medication that prevents pregnancy from occurring up to 120 hours after unprotected intercourse by preventing ovulation and tubal transport. Increased access to Plan B allows women to make independent decisions regarding reproductive health. Nurses play an important role in providing education as well as comprehensive, compassionate and holistic care. be457b7860

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