Under a memorandum of understanding signed in 2014 and updated in 2023 and building off the successful Interagency Field Test and Evaluation of Wind Turbine-Radar Interference Mitigation Technologies, federal agencies established the Wind Turbine Radar Interference Mitigation Working Group to address these conflicts.

A 2011 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) report discusses efforts to improve estimates of wind farm impacts and develop options for mitigating wind farm interference issues with U.S. Doppler weather radars, known as the Next Generation Weather Radar system.

Wind Radar

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In a 2017 DOE study, researchers evaluated the potential impacts to first order of existing and currently planned offshore wind facilities on ground-based coastal air surveillance radar. Mitigation measures, including radar network fusion, radar upgrades, and infill systems, are also discussed. The analysis for existing facilities focused on Block Island Wind Farm, the first commercial offshore wind farm in the United States.

A 2021 BOEM report details a research effort to develop a scalable simulation tool and wind turbine interference mitigation software for SeaSonde radars. The overall result of using the mitigation strategies outlined in the report led to an estimated reduction of 86% of wind turbine interference in the SeaSonde radar spectra at Block Island.

In 2022 by The National Academy of Science, Engineering, and Medicine detailed the potential interference of offshore wind turbine generators with the performance of ship-based radar systems. The authors recommend practicable options to mitigate the interference of wind farms, such as by implementing enhanced training and using reference buoys, among other options.

If potential interference issues are identified during the wind farm radar review process, a variety of mitigation approaches can help minimize potential radar inference, including the following wind farm siting practices:

The above siting practices may not be sufficient to eliminate radar interference or reduce it to an acceptable level. In these cases, other mitigation techniques, including the deployment of new radar-related software upgrades and/or hardware, can also reduce potential wind energy impacts on radar operations. Examples include:

Early coordination with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), NOAA, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) during the wind farm site selection process can help prevent a radar interference issue long before a wind plant is built (review the full process).

The DOD Siting Clearinghouse encourages all wind energy project developers to begin their project review process by requesting a preliminary determination via an informal review. (Find answers to frequently asked questions about DOD review.)

The developer then submits their plans for FAA Obstruction Evaluation/Airspace Airspace Analysis review. (As part of this evaluation, the FAA notifies other federal agencies with radar assets near the proposed project (such as DOD, DHS, and NOAA) so they can determine the potential impact.)

The Wind Turbine Radar Interference Mitigation Working Group addresses conflicts between wind turbines and radar systems. Under the Federal Interagency Wind Turbine Radar Interference Strategy, the working group coordinates activities within three strategic themes, which include:

As wind development continues to grow and expand to new areas of the country, the likelihood that some turbines will be located within the line of sight of radar systems also increases. Wind turbines can cause interference for radar systems because their large towers and moving blades reflect electromagnetic radiation.

This interference can create clutter and reduce detection sensitivity, interfering with target tracking and impeding critical weather forecasting. In the case of radars used for air traffic control or defense, wind turbine blades rotate fast enough for radar to sense them as moving objects, and can complicate and interfere with identifying and tracking airborne targets.

WETO is addressing the potential impacts of operating wind turbines on defense and civilian radar systems as part of an interagency effort with the Wind Turbine Radar Interference Mitigation Working Group. This group works to understand the impact of wind systems on radar, promote potential technical solutions to mitigate impacts, and promote advanced capacity of future radar systems.

Wind power is a variable power source, dependent on weatherconditions. Electric grid operators keep the grid stable bybalancing the variable amount of power produced from wind farms byincreasing or decreasing power production from conventionalgeneration stations, including coal and natural gas. Having advanceknowledge of when wind power will ramp up or down through accurateweather forecasts can lead to significant improvements in theefficiency of operation of these fossil fuel plants, as well as theentire electrical grid system, resulting in lower costs as well aslower CO2 emissions. Lowering the costs of integrating wind energyonto the grid will accelerate the development of wind energy as agrowing component of the nation's energy portfolio.

Although NOAA already provides operational wind forecasts to the wind energy industry, thisindustry has made it clear that the current skill of these wind forecasts is deficient. WFIPis a DOE sponsored research project that aims to improve the skill of NOAA's short-termweather forecast models at predicting foundational weather parameters (for example, windspeed, turbulence intensity, and icing conditions) that impact wind energy generation. WFIPparticipants include several DOE and NOAA research laboratories, the National WeatherService, and partners from the private sector. The core elements of WFIP include:

Two private sector groups were selected by DOE to partner with DOE andNOAA on WFIP, and therefore two geographic regions will be studied. Thefirst private sector group is led by WindLogics, and will cover thenorthern Great Plains region. The second private sector group is led by AWSTruepower, and will cover an area of the southern Great Plains centered onwest Texas. The instruments deployed in the two study areas are shown inthe figures above. WFIP will span one full year of data collection,forecasting and economic evaluation, with an anticipated start date of July2011. Links to public model evaluation web pages for the northern andsouthern study domains can be found at the top of this page.

Additional rounds of strong to severe thunderstorms, heavy rains, flash flooding and large hail are in the forecast across most of the Plains today; The greatest risk will be across the Panhandle of Texas. Meanwhile, heat risk continues for portions of Southern Texas and Florida where new records might be set. An approaching system on Sunday for Pacific Northwest may bring heavy rain and winds. Read More >

This webinar series is intended to build relationships between key industry stakeholders and agencies around offshore wind-radar issues, share government and industry perspectives on potential impacts of offshore wind on radar missions, and gain a better understanding of the future direction of the offshore wind market.

The first webinar in the series, DOE and DOD introduced the Wind Turbine Radar Interference Mitigation Working Group, and offshore wind developer rsted shared their experiences with offshore wind-radar interference issues in the United Kingdom and European Union.

This webinar featured a presentation by BOEM Program Manager Jim Bennett and a panel discussion on the offshore wind project review and approval process in the United States from the WTRIM perspective. Speakers included representatives from DOD, DHS, NOAA, and the American Wind Energy Association.

This webinar featured a briefing from Mr. Larry Nelson, Director Relocatable Over-The-Horizon-Radar (ROTHR) at the Forces Surveillance Support Center (FSSC). His briefing included an overview of the ROTHR mission, specific wind turbine radar interference issues associated with the radars, and potential mitigation options.

This webinar introduced marine navigation radar and included presentations on marine navigation issues, existing studies, wind developer and mariner perspectives on the issues, and a moderated panel Q&A. Speakers included representatives from the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), rsted, and Responsible Offshore Development Reliance (RODA).

Offshore wind energy development in the United States is accelerating, with projects currently representing 40 gigawatts of proposed installed capacity. However, there are still substantial, unsolved challenges with forecasting winds and turbulence over the ocean.

To help overcome the challenges and help bring offshore wind energy to fruition, the Wind Forecast Improvement Project-3, or WFIP-3, is an 18-month offshore wind campaign that will begin in February 2024.

The study will take place in the northern third of the Mid-Atlantic Bight, the home to nine active wind energy lease areas. The Northeastern U.S. shelf is a relatively wide shelf bordered by the Gulf Stream offshore and New England to the north.

Here, the vertical profile and variability of wind speed, wind direction, and turbulence intensity within turbine rotor planes are critical for wind energy. Sea breezes, low-level jet streams, and coastal storms in the atmosphere, as well as tidal fronts, eddies, and cold water upwelling in the ocean, can significantly impact the distribution of wind at turbine hub heights.

WFIP-3 follows the land-based WFIP-1, which was conducted from 2011 to 2013 and covered the upper Great Plains and west Texas, and WFIP-2, which was conducted from 2015 to 2019 in the rugged Columbia Basin in the Pacific Northwest.

The purpose of the map is to delineate areas where potential adverse impacts of wind energy on biodiversity, including wildlife concentrations, in Nebraska are most likely to occur and the subsequent level of mitigation that will likely be recommended. 152ee80cbc

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