Tigers have reddish-orange coats with prominent black stripes, white bellies and white spots on their ears. Like a human fingerprint, no two tigers have the exact same markings. Because of this, researchers can use stripe patterns to identify different individuals when studying tigers in the wild. Tigers are powerful hunters with sharp teeth, strong jaws and agile bodies. They are the largest terrestrial mammal whose diet consists entirely of meat; the largest tiger ever recorded was an Amur tiger. The tiger's closest relative is the lion. In fact, without fur, it is difficult to distinguish a tiger from a lion.
Despite their solitary nature, communication is a very important part of tigers' behavioral ecology. They communicate through vocalizations, such as roaring, grunting and chuffing, and through signals, such as scent marking and scratches on trees. Tigers are fiercely territorial animals, so these signals are particularly important to communicating where one tiger's home range ends and another's begins.
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Tigers are ambush predators that rely on stealth and strength to take down prey. These apex predators primarily hunt large ungulates, such as wild boar and deer, but are also known to consume monkeys, buffalo, sloth bears, leopards and even crocodiles. When tigers are found in close proximity to humans, they may also feed on domestic animals, such as cattle or goats. Tigers are adept swimmers and have even been recorded hunting in the water.
Tigers in the wild are thought to be solitary creatures, except when mating or raising young. Cubs stay with their mothers until they learn to hunt successfully, usually at about 18 to 24 months old. They reach full independence after two to three years, at which point they disperse to find their own territory. Female tigers often remain near their mother's' territory, while males disperse farther from home.
Globally, tigers are considered an endangered species. Only six of the nine tiger subspecies that once existed remain, and the South China tiger is thought to be nearly or entirely extinct in the wild. The Sumatran subspecies is listed as critically endangered on the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List, and the Amur is listed as endangered. All tigers are protected under CITES Appendix I.
It is generously estimated that only 3,900 tigers exist in the wild, including approximately 200 to 400 Sumatran tigers and 360 Amur tigers. The Smithsonian's National Zoo participates in the Species Survival Plan for Sumatran and Amur tigers, which works to responsibly breed and manage tiger populations within AZA-accredited institutions throughout North America.
There are currently more tigers in captivity in the U.S. than there are in the wild and, unfortunately, a significant majority of these individuals are kept by private owners or in unregulated tourist attractions. Many of these captive tigers face serious issues, such as inbreeding and improper care, and their genetic lineage is not known. Because of this, even if surrendered by their owners, their unknown lineage makes them ineligible to participate in breeding programs within AZA-accredited zoos.
In 2008, the Smithsonian Institution joined the World Bank Group and the Global Environmental Facility to launch the Global Tiger Initiative, designed to stabilize and restore wild tiger populations to save the species from extinction. As a member of the GTI, SCBI scientists work with policy makers and practitioners across Asia and around the world to save tigers.
As part of the GTRP, the Smithsonian prepared a Global Support Program in Capacity Building and Knowledge Sharing through regional training programs in Asia and Core Learning Programs on conservation best practices. They have held courses and workshops for frontline practitioners in protected tiger-range areas, training hundreds of rangers, foresters and habitat managers to adopt the latest conservation and Spatial Monitoring and Report Tool (SMART) patrolling practices, with a focus on preserving and increasing wild tiger populations.
SMART patrol training courses have been held in Thailand, Nepal, Indonesia and Malaysia. Using state-of-the-art techniques, the training has helped create more effective measures against wildlife poaching and the illegal trade and trafficking of live tigers and tiger parts.
Of the nine tiger subspecies that once existed, only six remain (Bali, Javan and Caspian tigers have become extinct in the last 40 years) and the South China tiger is thought to be nearly extinct in the wild. The primary reason for the decimation of wild tiger populations is human overpopulation, poaching and the destruction and fragmentation of habitat. The demand for tiger bones and other body parts used in traditional Asian medicines is also contributing to the tiger's decline. Many governments and scientists are currently working on ways to educate the public on other sources for these "medicinal" compounds.
All five remaining tiger subspecies are endangered or critically endangered. Only an estimated 1,500 to 3,200 tigers exist in the wild (300 to 400 Sumatran tigers), and less than 200 in North American zoos. The future existence of tigers in the wild is in jeopardy.
The Smithsonian Institution and the World Bank Group announced a new program under the Global Tiger Initiative to help stabilize and restore wild tiger populations and save this endangered species from extinction in their natural habitats. Under the new agreement signed in 2009, the World Bank and the Zoo established a Conservation and Development Network that trains hundreds of rangers, foresters, and other habitat managers in the latest cutting-edge practices in biodiversity management, with a specific focus on preserving and increasing wild tiger populations.
The St. Augustine Wild Reserve provides visitors with a rare opportunity to see majestic wild animals. This facility houses more than 50 large mammals ranging from tigers, lions, and leopards to bears, hyenas, ligers, and wolves.
Since 1995, St. Augustine Wild Reserve has provided a safe home for abused or unwanted exotic animals, providing a forever home for these animals. The Wild Reserve does not breed animals, instead, they work to make sure that unwanted wild and exotic animals have an appropriate place to live for the rest of their lives.
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The competition jury were delighted to see an image of a tiger scent-marking, a rarely photographed behaviour. Judge Susan McElhinney described the winning image as 'a rare and intimate glimpse of a very endangered species going about its daily rounds of checking its territorial boundaries or scent-marking, leaving messages and reading the messages of other cats'.
Sadly, large-scale deforestation in the region has threatened the habitat of Siberian tigers. As parts of the forest are destroyed, these animals are being forced further into each other's territory, creating an increased chance of conflict.
This, Jaime explains, is why tigers do scent marking: 'They are trying to avoid conflict. If another male trespasses on their territory there will be confrontation, and wild animals try and avoid confrontation.'
Siberian (or Amur) tigers live close to the far eastern coast of Russia and along its border with China and North Korea. Aside from being a visually impressive image, Sergey has managed to photograph an extremely rare animal exhibiting its natural behaviour in a truly wild landscape.
For the judges, it was this combination of beauty and untouched nature that made it a winning image. Rosamund 'Roz' Kidman Cox OBE, Chair of the Jury, explains why the image was so special to her: 'It's such an intimate scene, that powerful arm embracing such a huge trunk and the expression of sheer ecstasy. It's a tiger image quite unlike any other.
Sergey relied on the use of camera traps to get his perfectly unobtrusive image. For him, this made the project all the more interesting. He says, 'I don't see the tiger and I can only predict what will happen in front of the camera, thus I become the director and operator of an invisible scene.
When asked what makes this image so important, Jamie considered its contribution to the competition. He says, 'I think this image summarises very well the spirit of the competition. We are talking about Wildlife Photographer of the Year here, and what is wilder than a Siberian tiger in the wilderness of Russia?
'I think this image has potential to become an icon for the conservation of wilderness and wild places because it shows one of the most powerful land predators - also one of the most endangered ones - in its habitat, and it shows an intricate relationship between the species and the habitat.'
Roz adds, 'What makes it doubly special is when you learn that this is not only a highly endangered animal, photographed in the wild, but in a region of Siberia where rigorous protection of a huge area of forest is actually leading to an increase in tiger numbers.
Photographic evidence has been captured of wild animals being stolen from their natural habitat and then being sold at markets across South America. It is from markets like this where many animals are purchased in order to be used to generate money via wildlife selfies or hands-on wildlife experiences. 006ab0faaa
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