So I'd like to know how much time is needed for flight planning of an airliner. Maybe some planning for the next flight can already be done in advance during the current flight? Maybe some part can already be done by others? Or does the entire process take just a few minutes today?
Anytime convenient! Honestly. You can plan for a trip 3 hours later, tomorrow, next week, or even next month. There're already pre-defined airways on most areas you'll fly above; you just need to lookup the charts and select yourself a route.
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Now, unlike a family road trip, commercial flights are flown everyday. Every pilot assigned to the flight will make that trip. So, no, pilots do not arrive at the gate, being told "Your next hop is going to Hawaii", then grab the charts, lay them out on a nice big table, and figure out which waypoints to go. Somebody at the company has already done that for them. That somebody is called a dispatcher.
To figure that out, you need to know how much cargo and how many passengers are going on this flight. When will you know that? A few hours before departure, you already have a good estimate (given that usually x% of passengers will turn up). By the time check-in for this flight is closed, you have the exact number. Just plug in that number into a calculator and you'll get your fuel requirement. Even without computers, this calculation takes only a minute.
The pilots (in particular the captain) has the final and unquestionable authority over any matter of the flight, including its flight plan. That said, pilots are not the ones who come up with the initial plan. In airline operations, the pilots' responsibility is to adjust the plan as necessary. For example, if bad weather is expected at the destination, the captain might request extra contingency fuel.
Mind you it's not just about choosing an appropriate flight route, but weather considerations, reading Notams, winds, choosing an appropriate flight level, deciding on extra fuel, choosing takeoff alternates, en-route alts, destinations alts, then the w/x and Notams for those alternates, etc. It can probably be done in 30 minutes , but it will be hairy.
Normally all my sectors (legs?) are pre-planned/read/briefed at the beginning of a work day. Deciding on most important factors before we even go to the plane. Then, when we have to do a 40' (30'?) turnaround it makes it all much easier. Most times we can call ground handling companies via VHF before we even land, informing them in advance of the services we need (including the amount of refuelling).
I am trying to book a one way flight from Frankfurt to Delhi. While checking the Vistara official website I noticed that on two separate date 02.10 and 16.11. the flight is taking 08 H 40 m and 09 H 50 m resp. Both flights are taking same aircraft Boeing 787-9. Has the website confused because of daylight saving. Here is the screenshot of the booking for both dates:
The change coincides with a daylight savings time change in Germany on Oct 29. For any DST change the schedule needs to be adjusted. They either have to move the departure one hour forward or the arrival an hour backwards. Which one they choose depends on a lot of factors: connections, crew availability, maintenance intervals, etc. Another big one is availability and cost of departure and landing slots at the airport.
In this case I'm guessing Vistara looked at the schedule, decided to keep their departure slot in Frankfurt (which is a busy and expensive airport) and adjust in Delhi. They may have decided to go extra slow either because they couldn't get a better landing slot or for fuel optimization (or some other operational reason).
The other major airlines on this route are Lufthansa and Air India which both only take 7:35-7:45 so after the DST change Vistara is more than 2 hours slower than the competition. If someone is interested: here is a table how all three airlines deal with DST
When time changes at either end of the flight, airlines have to adjust their timetables, and with additional considerations such as night curfews (not applicable here, but could be applicable to other flights, which would have a knock-on effect on aircraft or crew planning and availability) or connections to other flights, it often happens that they make significant changes to their whole schedule (not just that flight). They may also take that opportunity to add or remove destinations or flights.
They noticed they were often late (not saying this is the case here, I haven't looked at the history), so decided to add some more buffer (remember, this is a scheduled time, the flight may well arrive much earlier than the schedule). For flights from Europe, this is especially important due to EC261 compensation they may have to pay out for delays, particularly if there are onward connections.
Before receiving world-class care at the hospital, patients who travel by air in excess of six to eight hours should be sure to take necessary precautions to avoid blood-clotting complications such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism.
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a blood clot, commonly found in the leg or thigh, that can form as a result of stagnant blood flow, coagulation, and damage to vein walls. DVTs can cause leg pain and swelling.
Although it is very rare for a person to develop a DVT from a long flight, airline passengers are sedentary with their legs bent for extended periods of time and tend to become somewhat dehydrated during flight. Each of these factors may contribute to blood clot formation.
To combat poor circulation on long flights, try to stand up and stretch during the flight, and stay hydrated by drinking water or other nonalcoholic beverages. Wearing compression socks may also help.
Anticoagulants would seem to be a simple solution to blood clotting, but when taken prior to surgery, they can thin the blood and increase the risk of bleeding at surgery. Anticoagulants should only be given to patients who are known to be at high risk for blood clots, either based on their medical history or their having a known genetic risk factor for clotting.
If a person travelling to HSS from outside the United States has a history of clotting risk, DVT, or pulmonary embolism (or someone in their family does), they should talk to a physician in their own country as well as to their HSS doctor about treatment options before traveling to HSS for their surgery.
If preventive measures are neglected, a very long flight prior to surgery can increase the probability of complications for patients who undergo orthopedic surgeries such as a hip or knee replacement.
In orthopedic surgery, the cutting of bones prompts the body to respond by revving up its clotting system, a response that mirrors its reaction to a bodily injury. Due to the size of the bones involved in hip and knee replacements, there is a higher risk of blood clotting than other orthopedic surgeries. Dr. Bass also adds that in patients with hip fracture, the risk is further increased because of the immobilization of patients prior to surgery.
There is a general risk of clotting for up to four to six weeks after surgery for all patients, but flying long distances aggravates this problem further. As a result, those who travel such distances may be subject to enhanced preventive measures after their procedure.
When DVT is detected in patients, they are treated with blood thinners, including heparin injection, twice a day. These work quickly to help dissolve the blood clot and prevent the formation of new clot. Simultaneously, the doctor will initiate an oral blood thinner like warfarin (Coumadin), which is continued for three months if a clot is found in the leg, and six months if the clot is in the lung.
The time it takes to get from one celestial body to another depends largely on the energy that one is willing to expend. Here \"energy\" refers to the effort put in by the launch vehicle and the sum of the maneuvers of the rocket motors aboard the spacecraft, and the amount of propellant that is used. In space travel, everything boils down to energy. Spaceflight is the clever management of energy.
Some common solutions for transfers to the moon are 1) the Hohmann-like transfer and 2) the Free Return Transfer. The Hohmann Transfer is often referred to as the one that requires the lowest energy, but that is true only if you want the transfer to last only a few days and, in addition, if some constraints on the launch apply. Things get very complicated from there on, so I won't go into details.
Concerning transfers to Mars, these are by necessity interplanetary transfers, i.e., orbits that have the sun as central body. Otherwise, much of what was said above applies: the issue remains the expense of energy. An additional complication lies in the fact that the Mars orbit is quite eccentric and also its orbit plane is inclined with respect to that of the Earth. And of course, Mars requires longer to orbit the sun than the Earth does. All of this is taken into account in a common type of diagram called the \"pork chop plot\", which essentially tells you the required dates of departure and arrival and the amount of energy required.
If you want your spacecraft to enter Mars orbit or to land on the surface, you add a lot of constraints to the design problem. For an orbiter, you have to consider the significant amount of propellant required for orbit insertion, while for a lander, you have to design and build a heat shield that can withstand the loads of atmospheric entry. Usually, this will mean that the arrival velocity of Mars cannot exceed a certain boundary. Adding this constraint to the trajectory optimisation problem will limit the range of solutions you obtain to transfers that are Hohmann-like. This usually leads to an increase in transfer duration.
The answer depends on several factors, ranging from the position of Earth and Mars to the technology that would propel you there. According to NASA, a one-way trip to the Red Planet would take about nine months. If you wanted to make it a round-trip, all in all, it would take about 21 months as you will need to wait about three months on Mars to make sure Earth and Mars are in a suitable location to make the trip back home. 152ee80cbc
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