Per File are about 400 high redundant entries each about 5kbA File can be compressed from 1722 KB to 39 KB so an compression ratio of 44:1 up to 100:1 depending on the compression chunk size should be possible.

With keys like "oil_type-gas_station-timestamp-content", its easy and efficient to compare two gas_station pricings over time. For reading a Time Serie that is smaller then the compression chunk size only 2 to 4 chunks should be decompressed.


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This study investigated the perceptual adjustments that occur when listeners recognize highly compressed speech. In Experiment 1, adjustment was examined as a function of the amount of exposure to compressed speech by use of 2 different speakers and compression rates. The results demonstrated that adjustment takes place over a number of sentences, depending on the compression rate. Lower compression rates required less experience before full adjustment occurred. In Experiment 2, the impact of an abrupt change in talker characteristics was investigated; in Experiment 3, the impact of an abrupt change in compression rate was studied. The results of these 2 experiments indicated that sudden changes in talker characteristics or compression rate had little impact on the adjustment process. The findings are discussed with respect to the level of speech processing at which such adjustment might occur.

Ammonia is an important compound with many uses, such as in the manufacture of fertilizers, explosives and pharmaceuticals. As an archetypal hydrogen-bonded system, the properties of ammonia under pressure are of fundamental interest, and compressed ammonia has a significant role in planetary physics. We predict new high-pressure crystalline phases of ammonia (NH(3)) through a computational search based on first-principles density-functional-theory calculations. Ammonia is known to form hydrogen-bonded solids, but we predict that at higher pressures it will form ammonium amide ionic solids consisting of alternate layers of NH(4)(+) and NH(2)(-) ions. These ionic phases are predicted to be stable over a wide range of pressures readily obtainable in laboratory experiments. The occurrence of ionic phases is rationalized in terms of the relative ease of forming ammonium and amide ions from ammonia molecules, and the volume reduction on doing so. We also predict that the ionic bonding cannot be sustained under extreme compression and that, at pressures beyond the reach of current static-loading experiments, ammonia will return to hydrogen-bonded structures consisting of neutral NH(3) molecules.

The single-pixel imaging technique uses multiple patterns to modulate the entire scene and then reconstructs a two-dimensional (2-D) image from the single-pixel measurements. Inspired by the statistical redundancy of natural images that distinct regions of an image contain similar information, we report a highly compressed single-pixel imaging technique with a decreased sampling ratio. This technique superimposes an occluded mask onto modulation patterns, realizing that only the unmasked region of the scene is modulated and acquired. In this way, we can effectively decrease 75% modulation patterns experimentally. To reconstruct the entire image, we designed a highly sparse input and extrapolation network consisting of two modules: the first module reconstructs the unmasked region from one-dimensional (1-D) measurements, and the second module recovers the entire scene image by extrapolation from the neighboring unmasked region. Simulation and experimental results validate that sampling 25% of the region is enough to reconstruct the whole scene. Our technique exhibits significant improvements in peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of 1.5 dB and structural similarity index measure (SSIM) of 0.2 when compared with conventional methods at the same sampling ratios. The proposed technique can be widely applied in various resource-limited platforms and occluded scene imaging.

Compressed sensing (CS) is a recent mathematical technique that leverages the sparsity in certain sets of data to solve an underdetermined system and recover a full set of data from a sub-Nyquist set of measurements of the data. Given the size and sparsity of the data, radar has been a natural choice to apply compressed sensing to, typically in the fast-time and slow-time domains. Polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) generates a particularly large amount of data for a given scene; however, the data tends to be sparse. Recently a technique was developed to recover a dropped PolSAR channel by leveraging antenna crosstalk information and using compressed sensing. In this dissertation, we build upon the initial concept of the dropped-channel PolSAR CS in three ways. First, we determine a metric which relates the measurement matrix to the l2 recovery error. The new metric is necessary given the deterministic nature of the measurement matrix. We then determine a range of antenna crosstalk required to recover a dropped PolSAR channel. Second, we propose a new antenna design that incorporates the relatively high levels of crosstalk required by a dropped-channel PolSAR system. Finally, we integrate fast- and slow-time compression schemes into the dropped-channel model in order to leverage sparsity in additional PolSAR domains and overall increase the compression ratio. The completion of these research tasks has allowed a more accurate description of a PolSAR system that compresses in fast-time, slow-time, and polarization; termed herein as highly compressed PolSAR. The description of a highly compressed PolSAR system is a big step towards the development of prototype hardware in the future.

We processed reported R(T, Bappl) datasets for several annealed highly compressed hydrides by using Eq. (12) to extract Bc2(T) datasets. The obtained datasets were fitted to Eq. (11), and the deduced values are given in Table I. These materials are as follows:Sulfur superhydride H3S (P = 155 and 160 GPa), for which the raw data were reported by Mozaffari et al.31

The evolution of the DOS of compressed As in the strongly stable bcc phase at 300, 400, 800, 1000, 1400, 1600, and 2000 GPa with the same MT sphere of 1.77 bohrs. Panels show the pressure dependence of the (a) total DOS, (b) s states, (c) p states, (d) d states, (e) eg states, and (f) t2g states.

The development of equations-of-state and transport models in areas such as shock compression and fusion energy science is critical to DOE programs. Notable shortcomings in these activities are phase transitions in highly compressed metals. Fully characterizing high energy density phenomena using pulsed power facilities is possible only with complementary numerical modeling for design, diagnostics, and data interpretation.

Hi Naked Scientists, I was just wondering - if planets like Jupiter are just gas giants, why is it they exert such enormous gravitational pull on surrounding matter, like the asteroid belt? Do they have a very large, dense core providing the pull or is the gas highly compressed contributing to the mass? Love the show, Orlando (Perth, Western Australia)

Dominic - Well, planets like Jupiter certainly do have cores. Jupiter, we think, has a rocky core that's about 10 times more massive than Earth. Jupiter itself is a really vast planet. It's got about 300 times the mass of Earth and about 10 times the radius of the Earth and most of that volume, most of that mass is a mixture of hydrogen and helium gas. That gas is very heavily compressed and that's how Jupiter manages to be so very massive.

Actually it is in a state called metallic hydrogen, where these molecules are so compressed together that they form a lattice and the electrons, rather than orbiting around individual hydrogen nuclei, actually can flow freely through that metallic hydrogen. That's why Jupiter has such a strong metallic field - because the electrons flow through the hydrogen producing that electric field.

When I create PNG files with very small disk size, I tend to wonder if the file size becomes less important than the time viewers would need to decompress the image. Technically that would be trivial too, but I've wondered about it for a long time. We all know that more-compressed PNG images take longer to compress, but do they take longer to decompress?

The PNG compresses image data with DEFLATE (the same algorithm used in zlib and PKZIP). One way DEFLATE saves space is to encode recurring byte sequences by just providing a runlength, and an distance back to where it previously appeared in the stream. (e.g. A B C D E F A B C A B C D could be encoded as A B C D E F [3,-6] [4,-9]. (It could also encode it as A B C D E F [3,-6] [3,-3] D.)

I then wrote a script to convert the image from png to tif (on the assumption that TIF is a relatively uncompressed file format so quite fast) 200 times and timed the output.In each case I ran the script quickly and aborted it after a few seconds so any system caching could come into effect before running the full test, thus reducing the impact of disk io (and my computer happens to use SSD which also minimizes that impact. The results were as follows:

But, this does not take into account the time taken to download the file. This will, of-course, depend on the speed of your connection, the distance to the server and the size of the file. If it takes more then about 0.5 seconds more to transmit the large file then the small file, then (on my system - which is an older ultrabook, so quite slow thus giving a conservative scenatio), it is better to send the more highly compressed file. In this case - this means sending 5.8 megabytes a second, which equates to - very roughly, 60 megabits per second - excluding latency issues.

Conclusion for large files - if you are on a lightly used LAN it is probably quicker to use the less compressed image, but once you hit the wider Internet using the more highly compressed file is better.

No, in fact all you need to do is pull up a 64 pixel png and a 64 pixel jpg to see how the time it takes to decompress is so infinitesimally minuscule so as to be inconsequential ... right before you realize that you've been spending way too much time thinking about this. :) Because we're talking about such small sized images involved in the pixels that make up an icon. As you ramp up the size the jpg as a lossy format is not going to preserve the image as well. That's where png as a lossless format really shines. 2351a5e196

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