As a beginner, this may still seem confusing, so we will go through each element of the welding symbol. We'll be going back to this picture as a reference for future explanations, so try to remember the elements you've seen here.
The arrow is a crucial element of the welding symbol, connecting the reference line to the joint. The arrow points to the location where the weld is to be applied. If you have been around blueprints, the arrow may look a lot like a leader line.
Welding Symbols
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Simply put, you should consider an arrow as a pointer representing a "Weld here!" sign. As long as the weld is carried out at the specific joint location, even if the weld symbols call for multiple weld passes, there is always only one arrow in the weld symbol.
The reference line is the horizontal line that serves as the anchor for all welding symbols and elements. The reference line is a simple line that carries vital information such as the joint design, the weld pattern, the weld size, etc. This info is handy when each side comes with different joint details. Also, it helps to diminish the usage of too many welding symbols in one joint.
Simply put, consider a reference line as a blank notebook line that designers use to illustrate their thoughts on joint design, required weld process, size of the weld, angle of bevel, size weld profile, depth of penetration, number of welds, spacing, and more. Instead of words, they will use a series of welding symbol elements to help you understand what they are expecting from your weld.
Besides the information, the reference line carries information about the side of the weld. If the engineering drawings call for multi-process weld operation, you'll see multiple reference lines that may contain different data for each weld pass. In the multi-pass symbol, the line closest to the arrow line is considered a first operation or first pass, while each above calls for the following operations.
The tail is the last part of the welding symbol, which is drawn at the end of the reference line opposite the arrow. The tail is used to provide welders with additional information for which there is no provision elsewhere. For example, a welding engineer can use the tail to provide supplementary information about the required welding process, the reference document, the electrode, or the examination process.
Even though the tail is the structural part of the welding symbol, it is reserved for supplementary information, so it is often omitted from the drawing. If the required weld is straightforward, the engineer can omit the tail so it doesn't cause confusion on the already complex welding symbol.
When we talked about the reference line, we noted it can also carry information about the side of the weld. The information above or below the reference can represent the location or the side of the joint on which the weld is carried out. Understanding the difference between the two sides is important because even if you create sound and successful welds, you might've been doing them on the wrong side of the joint.
If the information is written below the reference line or on the arrow side of the weld symbol, the weld is carried out on the side of the joint at which the arrow points. If the information is written above the reference line, the weld is carried out on the opposite side of the joint, not on the side where the arrow is pointing. Engineering drawings sometimes call for welds on both sides of the weld metal piece so that you will see information written on both sides of the reference line.
In specific situations, engineers can request that you weld all around the piece. In that case, they will provide the information on the arrow side of the reference line and use the weld all-around supplementary symbol. If the weld side is not important, the element will be placed on top of the reference line.
The numbers play a crucial role in weld symbols, as they can highlight various information about the size or length of the weld, number of welds, angle of bevel opening, size of the root, spacing, and much more. The role of the number will depend on a specific location in the weld symbol, so to closely understand them, you'll need to consult the first picture in our blog, which represents the location of the elements of the weld symbols.
If the drawing doesn't require welding an entire length of the joint, engineers use numbers between the arrow and the main weld symbol. Closer to the arrow, the number (P) represents the pitch or spacing between the welds (center to center) if welders use multiple welds across one joint. The number (L) represents the length of the weld.
When using groove welds with root opening, engineers can use numbers to represent the size of the root or the angle of the root. The number closer to the groove weld symbol (R) represents the size of the root or depth of metal filling for plug and slot welds. Below or above groove size (depending on the side of the weld), the number (A) denotes a groove angle. Additionally, a number (N) on the arrow side of the reference line can be used to specify the number of spot, seam, projection, or slot welds.
Basic welding symbols are located in the center of the reference line, above, below, or in the center of it, and they carry information about joint configuration or specific processes. Keep in mind that these won't represent the required welding process but the weld geometry required to make sound and solid weld.
Basic welding symbols are graphical representations used to communicate essential information about welds and welding processes in a standardized and concise manner. They are a fundamental part of engineering drawings, blueprints, and other technical documents. Some of the common basic weld symbols are fillet welds, groove welds, spot welds, projection welds, and more. So let's briefly explain each one of them.
Fillet welds are used to join two pieces of metal at an angle, typically perpendicular or at a 45-degree angle, creating lap joints, corner, and T joints. The fillet weld symbol represents a type of weld joint characterized by its triangular cross-section. As a result, The fillet weld symbol is often depicted as a right-angled triangle.
When making a fillet weld, the weld metal gets deposited in the corner that is formed by the two elements to be joined. The weld then penetrates and fuses with the elements to form a solid joint. A number (S) is usually used to represent the size of the fillet weld. However, if the size of the fillet weld is not even, designers can use two numbers in the form of, e.g., 1/4 X 1/2". Additionally, when making intermittent fillet welds or stitch welds, engineers can add length and spacing (L and P) on a welding symbol reference line.
Groove welds are one of the most common designs you'll encounter during your welding career. Groove welds involve filling a prepared groove between two pieces of metal with weld metal. While it is often used to weld edge-to-edge joints, the shape of the groove can vary, and these are represented by specific symbols in welding drawings.
The appearance of the groove is often related to the weld symbol, so in the U-groove weld, the groove is in the shape of the letter U; in the V-groove weld, that's V, and so on. You get the point. However, there are specific differences.
Groove weld symbols can represent both regular and root-opening welds. If your welding drawing only shows the groove angle (A), you should prepare the pieces according to the groove appearance and angle of the opening, but there is no root or spacing between the two pieces. However, when welding significantly thicker parts, an engineer can set the root opening (R), which represents the size of the gap between two pieces you are about to weld.
Additionally, engineers can use numbers (S and E), to specify the depth of preparation and depth of penetration you'll need to ensure when preparing and welding two pieces in groove weld joint design.
Plug and slot welding symbols are used to connect two overlapping pieces. One of these pieces will have holes (plug welds have round holes/slot welds have elongated holes), which are filled with weld metal. Weld metal fills the gaps and penetrates through other pieces, creating a strong bond.
Even though they differ in appearance, the weld symbol that represents plug and slot welds is a rectangle. Due to the nature of these processes, this symbol cannot be represented as weld on both sides.
Spot and projection welds are similar to plug and slot welding, used to weld two overlapping pieces. However, within the arc spot welding method, there is no plug or slot to fill. Instead, the pieces are welded without opening, as the pieces melt due to high heat input into the faying surface.
The spot weld symbols are illustrated as a plain circle that can be centered on the reference line or placed above or under it. When the circle symbol is placed on top of the reference line, the side of the joint is not important, and you can weld whichever piece is easier to get to.
Similar to spot welding, resistance seam welding uses the resistance between two overlaying pieces to produce heat and eventually fuse them. However, compared to spot welding, the heat is not concentrated in multiple spots. Instead, the resistance seam weld is carried out in a linear form.
The resistance seam welding, therefore, also uses a circle as a weld symbol, but there are two lines inside the circle (representing the linear form of the weld). Like with spot welding, a circle can be placed above, below, or in the center of the reference line to indicate the location of the weld. The numbers can be used to specify the width and length of the seam weld.
Surfacing welds are commonly used to reinforce a piece or to repair worn-down elements. The welds are applied across the surface. The surfacing can be made using single or multi-pass welds, and the weld symbol is in the shape of two pain half circles, always drawn below the reference line, as the welds are applied to the arrow side of the joint. 152ee80cbc
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