The construction industry loses billions of dollars on delays and failures caused by bad weather. Buildings are damaged during storms; sites turn into seas of mud; freezing temperatures make it impossible to pour concrete. It would seem to make sense for construction planners to use seasonal forecasts to minimize the risk of these unpleasant, expensive surprises.

So Accame, who lives in Denver, Colorado, tapped into the world-class expertise next door at the Boulder-based National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) to develop a prototype web tool, Climate-i Construction, a science-based tool that applies seasonal outlook data to construction risks.

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Accame explained how the tool might work for a construction manager in Chicago planning to build a new warehouse. The manager queries the Climate-i tool, saying the construction will take place between February 15 and September 15. The project could have down days, or the construction company will need to take adaptive measures, if there are more than 1.5 inches of rain in a day, if the temperature is above 95 or below 25 degrees, or if sustained wind speed exceeds 20 MPH.

A screen shot from the prototype Climate-i app, showing some of the forecast information the tool would provide for the coming November-December period in Illinois: (top left) the average minimum temperature in a given area, (top right) daily temperatures relative to a user-set threshold, (bottom left) the number of days during the period on which the threshold temperature is exceeded, and (bottom right) the level of confidence (uncertainty) in the forecasts for different parts of the state.

Crew members remove the forms from the concrete foundation for a new 80 foot tower at Aldrich Mountain in Grant County, Oregon, on December 11, 2013. Builders can only pour concrete between a given range of temperature and moisture conditions, and figuring out how many days in a given period are likely to meet those requirements might help project managers and insurers reduce the risk of costly delays. Photo by Oregon Department of Transportation, used under a CC license.

Wilkinson says for now Willis only uses historical climate data sets in designing risk management products, not forecasting. They look back to datasets spanning decades, and use techniques to make sure data represent current conditions, such as, say, increases in extreme weather.

Wilkinson says the more the Climate-i tool can accurately reflect site geography and provide records comparing the forecast to actual conditions at a site, the better markets can price the risk and help construction managers manage those risks, and the more value the tool will bring.

Problem - Seasonal and daily weather events impact construction projects across the various climate regions of South Dakota in differing fashions. Additionally, the impacts for similar weather events can impact grading, surfacing, and structural construction activities in various ways. Adverse weather conditions can cause major delays which may lead to time extensions and increase project cost.

Data - Weather, soil, and hydrographic data for South Dakota state are being considered for this study. The primary importance is on the weather data which is collected for 30 years (1991-2020) period from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The important weather data parameters are temperature, snow, rainfall, and wind. The soil data have been collected from the broad-based inventory of soils and non-soil areas of the United States namely State Soil Geographic (STATSGO2). The key focus is to analyze the soil parameters in combination with adverse weather events that affect the construction of roads and bridges. The hydrographic data is focused on the peak flow at major water bodies in South Dakota that may cause flooding or ponding which affects road and bridge construction. Additionally, interviews with SDDOT personnel and construction contractors were conducted to determine factors important to the industry. Starting with data exploration of all the available data, key parameters will be analyzed to develop updated expected adverse weather day chart and updated zones.

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The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Weather Radio is a nationwide network of radio stations broadcasting continuous weather information from the nearest NWS office. It will give information when wind chill conditions reach critical thresholds. A Wind Chill Warning is issued when wind chill temperatures are life threatening. A Wind Chill Advisory is issued when wind chill temperatures are potentially hazardous.

Environmental cold can affect any worker exposed to cold air temperatures and puts workers at risk of cold stress. As wind speed increases, it causes the cold air temperature to feel even colder, increasing the risk of cold stress to exposed workers, especially those working outdoors, such as recreational workers, snow cleanup crews, construction workers, police officers and firefighters. Other workers who may be affected by exposure to environmental cold conditions include those in transit, baggage handlers, water transportation, landscaping services, and support activities for oil and gas operations.

What constitutes cold stress and its effects can vary across different areas of the country. In regions that are not used to winter weather, near freezing temperatures are considered factors for "cold stress." Increased wind speed also causes heat to leave the body more rapidly (wind chill effect). Wetness or dampness, even from body sweat, also facilitates heat loss from the body. Cold stress occurs by driving down the skin temperature, and eventually the internal body temperature. When the body is unable to warm itself, serious cold-related illnesses and injuries may occur, and permanent tissue damage and death may result. Types of cold stress include: trench foot, frostbite, hypothermia, and chilblains.

Although OSHA does not have a specific standard that covers working in cold environments, under the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act) of 1970, employers have a duty to protect workers from recognized hazards, including cold stress hazards, that are causing or likely to cause death or serious physical harm in the workplace.

Trench foot is a non-freezing injury of the feet caused by prolonged exposure to wet and cold conditions. It can occur in temperatures as high as 60F if feet are constantly wet. Injury occurs because wet feet lose heat 25-times faster than dry feet. [CDC/NIOSH]

Frostbite is caused by the freezing of the skin and tissues. Frostbite can cause permanent damage to the body, and in severe cases can lead to amputation. The risk of frostbite is increased in people with reduced blood circulation and among people who are not dressed properly for extremely cold temperatures.

Outdoor workers exposed to cold and windy conditions are at risk of cold stress, both air temperature and wind speed affect how cold they feel. Wind Chill is the term used to describe the rate of heat loss from the human body, resulting from the combined effect of low air temperature, and wind speed. The Wind Chill Temperature is a single value that takes both air temperature, and wind speed into account. For example, when the air temperature is 40F, and the wind speed is 35mph, the wind chill temperature is 28F; this measurement is the actual effect of the environmental cold on the exposed skin.

Blizzard Warning: Issued for sustained or gusty winds of 35 mph or more, and falling or blowing snow creating visibilities at or below 1/4 mile; these conditions should persist for at least 3 hours.

Wind Chill Advisory: Issued when wind chill temperatures are expected to be a significant inconvenience to life with prolonged exposure, and, if caution is not exercised, could lead to hazardous exposure.

Winter Storm Warning: Issued when hazardous winter weather in the form of heavy snow, blizzard conditions, heavy freezing rain, or heavy sleet is imminent or occurring. Winter Storm Warnings are usually issued 12 to 24 hours before the event is expected to begin. 152ee80cbc

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