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The Old English cognate term wlcyre appears in several Old English manuscripts, and scholars have explored whether the term appears in Old English by way of Norse influence, or reflects a tradition also native among the Anglo-Saxon pagans. Scholarly theories have been proposed about the relation between the valkyries, the Norns, and the dsir, all of which are supernatural figures associated with fate. Archaeological excavations throughout Scandinavia have uncovered amulets theorized as depicting valkyries. In modern culture, valkyries have been the subject of works of art, musical works, comic books, video games and poetry.

The word valkyrie derives from Old Norse valkyrja (plural valkyrjur), which is composed of two words: the noun valr (referring to the slain on the battlefield) and the verb kjsa (meaning "to choose"). Together, they mean 'chooser of the slain'. The Old Norse valkyrja is cognate to Old English wlcyre.[2] From the Old English and Old Norse forms, philologist Vladimir Orel reconstructs the Proto-Germanic form *walakuzj.[3] However, the term may have been borrowed into Old English from Old Norse: see discussion in the Old English attestations section below.

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Other terms for valkyries in Old Norse sources include skmey ("wish maid"), appearing in the poem Oddrnargrtr, and ins meyjar ("Odin's maids"), appearing in the Nafnaulur. skmey may be related to the Odinic name ski (roughly meaning "wish fulfiller"), referring to the fact that Odin receives slain warriors in Valhalla.[4]

In stanza 30 of the poem Vlusp, a vlva (a travelling seeress in Norse society) tells Odin that "she saw" valkyries coming from far away who are ready to ride to "the realm of the gods". The vlva follows this with a list of six valkyries: Skuld (Old Norse, possibly "debt" or "future") who "bore a shield", Skgul ("shaker"), Gunnr ("war"), Hildr ("battle"), Gndul ("wand-wielder") and Geirskgul ("Spear-Skgul"). Afterwards, the vlva tells him she has listed the "ladies of the War Lord, ready to ride, valkyries, over the earth".[6]

In the poem Grmnisml, Odin (disguised as Grmnir), tortured, starved and thirsty, tells the young Agnar that he wishes that the valkyries Hrist ("shaker") and Mist ("cloud") would "bear him a [drinking] horn", then provides a list of 11 more valkyries who he says "bear ale to the einherjar"; Skeggjld ("axe-age"), Skgul, Hildr, rr ("power"), Hlkk ("noise", or "battle"), Herfjtur ("host-fetter"), Gll ("tumult"), Geirah ("spear-fight"), Randgr ("shield-truce"), Rgr ("council-truce") and Reginleif ("power-truce").[7]

In the poem Helgakvia Hjrvarssonar, a prose narrative says that an unnamed and silent young man, the son of the Norwegian King Hjrvarr and Sigrlinn of Svfaland, witnesses nine valkyries riding by while sitting atop a burial mound. He finds one particularly striking; this valkyrie is detailed later in a prose narrative as Svva, King Eylimi's daughter, who "often protected him in battles". The valkyrie speaks to the unnamed man, and gives him the name Helgi (meaning "the holy one"[11]). The previously silent Helgi speaks; he refers to the valkyrie as "bright-face lady", and asks her what gift he will receive with the name she has bestowed upon him, but he will not accept it if he cannot have her as well. The valkyrie tells him she knows of a hoard of swords in Sigarsholm, and that one of them is of particular importance, which she describes in detail.[12] Further into the poem, Atli flytes with the female jtunn Hrmgerr. While flyting with Atli, Hrmgerr says that she had seen 27 valkyries around Helgi, yet one particularly fair valkyrie led the band:

In the poem Helgakvia Hundingsbana I, the hero Helgi Hundingsbane sits in the corpse-strewn battlefield of Logafjll. A light shines from the fell, and from that light strike bolts of lightning. Flying through the sky, helmeted valkyries appear. Their waist-length mail armour is drenched in blood; their spears shine brightly:

In the stanza that follows, Helgi asks the valkyries (who he refers to as "southern goddesses") if they would like to come home with the warriors when night falls (all the while arrows were flying). The battle over, the valkyrie Sigrn ("victory-rune"[17]), informs him from her horse that her father Hgni has betrothed her to Hbroddr, the son of king Granmar of the Hniflung clan, who Sigrn deems unworthy. Helgi assembles an immense host to ride to wage battle at Frekastein against the Hniflung clan to assist Sigrn in her plight to avoid her betrothment.[18] Later in the poem, the hero Sinfjtli flytes with Gumundr. Sinfjtli accuses Gumundr of having once been female, and gibes that Gumundr was "a witch, horrible, unnatural, among Odin's valkyries", adding that all of the einherjar "had to fight, headstrong woman, on your account".[19] Further in the poem, the phrase "the valkyrie's airy sea" is used for "mist".[20]

Towards the end of the poem, valkyries again descend from the sky, this time to protect Helgi amid the battle at Frekastein. After the battle, all the valkyries fly away but Sigrn and wolves (referred to as "the troll-woman's mount") consume corpses:

At the beginning of the poem Helgakvia Hundingsbana II, a prose narrative says that King Sigmund (son of Vlsung) and his wife Borghild (of Brlund) have a son named Helgi, who they named for Helgi Hjrvarsson (the protagonist of the earlier Helgakvia Hjrvarssonar).[23] After Helgi has killed King Hunding in stanza 4, a prose narrative says that Helgi escapes, consumes the raw meat of cattle he has slaughtered on a beach, and encounters Sigrn. Sigrn, daughter of King Hgni, is "a valkyrie and rode through air and sea", and she is the valkyrie Svva reincarnated.[24] In stanza 7, Sigrn uses the phrase "fed the gosling of Gunn's sisters". Gunnr and her sisters are valkyries, and these goslings are ravens, who feed on the corpses left on the battlefield by warriors.[25]

After stanza 18, a prose narrative relates that Helgi and his immense fleet of ships are heading to Frekastein, but encounter a great storm. Lightning strikes one of the ships. The fleet sees nine valkyries flying through the air, among whom they recognise Sigrn. The storm abates, and the fleets arrive safely at land.[26] Helgi dies in battle, yet returns to visit Sigrn from Valhalla once in a burial mound, and at the end of the poem, a prose epilogue explains that Sigrn later dies of grief. The epilogue details that "there was a belief in the pagan religion, which we now reckon [is] an old wives' tale, that people could be reincarnated" and that "Helgi and Sigrun were thought to have been reborn" as another Helgi and valkyrie couple; Helgi as Helgi Haddingjaskai and Sigrn as the daughter of Halfdan; the valkyrie Kra. The epilogue details that further information about the two can be found in the (now lost) work Krulj.[27]

The woman wakes, sits up, looks at Sigurd, and the two converse in two stanzas of verse. In the second stanza, the woman explains that Odin placed a sleeping spell on her she could not break, and due to that spell she has been asleep a long time. Sigurd asks for her name, and the woman gives Sigurd a horn of mead to help him retain her words in his memory. The woman recites a heathen prayer in two stanzas. A prose narrative explains that the woman is named Sigrdrfa and that she is a valkyrie.[29]

References to valkyries appear throughout the book Skldskaparml, which provides information about skaldic poetry. In chapter 2, a quote is given from the work Hsdrpa by the 10th century skald lfr Uggason. In the poem, lfr describes mythological scenes depicted in a newly built hall, including valkyries and ravens accompanying Odin at Baldr's funeral feast:

What sort of dream is that, Odin?

I dreamed I rose up before dawn

to clear up Val-hall for slain people.

I aroused the Einheriar,

bade them get up to strew the benches,

clean the beer-cups,

the valkyries to serve wine

for the arrival of a prince.[34]

In chapter 31, poetic terms for referring to a woman are given, including "[a] woman is also referred to in terms of all Asyniur or valkyries or norns or dsir".[35] In chapter 41, while the hero Sigurd is riding his horse Grani, he encounters a building on a mountain. Within this building Sigurd finds a sleeping woman wearing a helmet and a coat of mail. Sigurd cuts the mail from her, and she awakes. She tells him her name is Hildr, and "she is known as Brynhildr, and was a valkyrie".[36]

The fragmentary skaldic poem Hrafnsml (generally accepted as authored by 9th century Norwegian skald orbjrn Hornklofi) features a conversation between a valkyrie and a raven, largely consisting of the life and deeds of Harald I of Norway. The poem begins with a request for silence among noblemen so that the skald may tell the deeds of Harald Fairhair. The narrator states that they once overheard a "high-minded", "golden-haired" and "white-armed" maiden speaking with a "glossy-beaked raven". The valkyrie considers herself wise, understands the speech of birds, is further described as having a white-throat and sparkling eyes, and she takes no pleasure in men:

The black raven shakes himself, and he responds that he and the rest of the ravens have followed Harald since hatching from their eggs. The raven expresses surprise that the valkyrie seems unfamiliar with the deeds of Harald, and tells her about his deeds for several stanzas. At stanza 15, a question and answer format begins where the valkyrie asks the raven a question regarding Harald, and the raven responds in turn. This continues until the poem ends abruptly.[41]

The song consists of 11 stanzas, and within it the valkyries weave and choose who is to be slain at the Battle of Clontarf (fought outside Dublin in 1014 CE). Of the 12 valkyries weaving, six have their names given in the song: Hildr, Hjrrimul, Sanngrir, Svipul, Gur and Gndul. Stanza 9 of the song reads: 006ab0faaa