Cystoscopy is a urological procedure where a thin, flexible tube with a camera (cystoscope) is inserted into the urethra and bladder to examine the lining of the urethra and bladder, aiding in the diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract conditions.  

Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is a common surgical procedure used to treat urinary problems caused by an enlarged prostate, often due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), by removing obstructing tissue through the urethra using a resectoscope.  

RIRS, or Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery, is a minimally invasive urological procedure used to treat kidney stones, involving a flexible scope inserted through the urethra to access the kidney, visualize and fragment stones with a laser, and then remove the fragments.  

URS stands for ureteroscopy, a minimally invasive procedure used to diagnose and treat urinary tract problems, particularly ureteral stones, by inserting a thin, semirigid scope (ureteroscope) through the urethra, into the bladder, and up into the ureter.  

PCNL (percutaneous nephrolithotomy) is a minimally invasive surgical procedure used to remove kidney stones that are too large or complex to be treated by other methods, such as shockwave lithotripsy or ureteroscopy.  

Cystolithotripsy is a minimally invasive procedure that breaks up bladder stones and removes them. It's a common treatment for small to medium-sized bladder stones