Opeyemi David Alli, Stephen O Owolabi et al
Abstract It is important to note that the brewery industry consumes much water as effluent is needed for brewing, rinsing, and cooling purposes. However, wastewater generated from brewery industries requires treatment as the effluents need to meet with standards for industrial plants and industrial estates in urban regions of Nigeria and developing nations in West Africa. This paper reviews research trends in wastewater treatment in different parts of Nigeria and the research trends in the treatment of brewery wastewater. This is also extended to discussing trends in wastewater remediation with the use of green-synthesized nanoparticles as well as presenting the precursors and applications. A further discussion on the impacts of environmental factors on nanomaterials is presented to give further insights into addressing brewery wastewater remediation in Nigeria. The review covers a time frame of trends in the past five years to the present. As a research gap, CFD simulations to investigate the flow of nanomaterials in water basin treatments of different samples are encouraged for civil engineers in treating brewery effluents wit
Okereke Eze Aru, Eleanyan N. E, Igwe Johnson Eze, Okonkwo Chimaobi .K, E. O Oke
Therapeutic and biological activities of Khaya Senegalisis Bark (KSB) phenolic extract using convectional heat-assisted extraction technology have hugely been reported in the literature. However, green non-convectional microwave-intensified extraction technology for KSB bioactive extract production has seldom documented in the scientific report. Therefore, this study presents Box-Benhken Design (BBD) modeling and optimization of bioactive phenolic extract from Khaya Senegalisis Bark via Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) technology. The green intensified extraction of KSB was performed using BBD in Response Surface Methodology (RSM) at extraction time (2-10 mins), extraction microwave power (520-1040 W), and solid-liquid ratio (0.4-1 g/ml) with yield and Total Phenolic Content (TPC) as dependent variables. BBD models for predicting the extraction responses showed coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.99 for yield and 0.999 for TPC. BBD desirability optimization algorithm gave optimum TPC (5.15 mg GAE/g DW) and Yield (32.15 %). Therefore, thGe study shows that BBD is reliable for modelling KSB solid-liquid extraction for possible process scale-up process design and economics.
Keywords: Extraction, modelling, Optimization, Response Surface, Methodology, Khaya Senegalisis
AjagbeAjagbe, W. O., Tijani, M. A. and Olulope, O. R.
CorrespondingCorresponding email: murtadha.tijani@uniosun.edu.ng
CorrespondingCorrespondingCorrespondingCorresponding
Abstract: This study investigated the strength and abrasion properties of groundnut husk ash (GHA) as partial cement replacement in mortar production. Groundnut husk was burnt to ashes at a temperature of 600°C to obtain Groundnut Husk Ash (GHA) and its chemical composition determined using X-ray florescence analyzer. Preparation of various mixtures of mortar were done by adopting binder/sand ratio of 1:3 and water/cement ratio of 0.5. The percentages of GHA used as replacement for cement varied from 0 - 20% at 5% increment respectively. Fresh pastes were subjected to consistency and setting time tests. Concrete cube, and prism samples were cast and cured for 7, 14, 28, 56 and 90 days and used to evaluate the compressive strength, flexural strength and abrasion resistance of mortar mixtures. The result of chemical analysis of GHA shows that the sum of percentages of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 which forms the major oxides for a pozzolanic material was 26.98% and did not satisfied the specification for pozzolans. The GHA pastes had higher consistency and longer setting times than cement. Mortars modified with 5 and 10% GHA had higher compressive strength than the control, especially at later ages. The flexural strength and abrasion loss of mortars reduced with increase in GHA contents with 5 and 10% GHA mortars having comparable results with the control. It is concluded that GHA up to 10% is a good partial replacement of cement in mortar production.
KeywordsKeywords: Abrasion resistance, Cement, Compressive strength, Flexural strength, Groundnut husk ash.
S. S. Kolo., O. O. Adeleke, I. T. Yusuf, Abdulrahman H. S, Shehu M. and Hawa A..kolo@futminna.edu.ng +2348036879855
Abstract: Five settlements in Minna, Niger State capital were examined to determine drivers` attitudes and behaviours regarding usage of seatbelts. Multiple data Collection methods consisting of semi-structured interviews to create questionnaire for an in-person survey for 100 drivers each, for five different locations that was used. The questions explored why Minna drivers used or do not use seatbelts and what they think would be the best interventions to increase the rate of seatbelt usage in Minna by drivers. The outcome of all the aforementioned were translated into charts and following outcome was obtained. The composition of gender, for the respondent are 87% male and 13% female, showing that, out of this number 33% are married while 64% are unmarried and 3% are divorced. The finding also showed that the most prevalent age of driver is between age 36 to age 45 and it is said to be the productive age. It was also discovered that majority of the driver interviewed are Nigerlite constituting 64% of those interviewed. It was also noted that, a driver is 87% safer when seat belt is used as compared to not using seatbelt of 37% safe when accident or crash happen. It was therefore advised that sustained radio and television advertisement be done to encourage the use of seatbelt in Northern Nigeria.
Keywords: Attitude, Behaviour, Drivers, Accident and Seatbelt use.
Umide Silas Ojimaojo, Ibrahim Umar Salihi, Alhassan Yahaya
Email: umideojimaojo@gmail.com, Phone Number: 07037898607
Abstract:This work is a report on a study carried out on adsorption of zinc ions onto African-balsam sawdust powder (ABS), which is meant to be achieved by characterizing the African-balsam sawdust collected from sawmill, establish the adsorption potential of sawdust on aqueous solution of zinc in order to determine the effect of pH, contact time, initial concentration and adsorbent dosage, determine the applicable adsorption isotherm model for the adsorbent, and to also know the kinetics for heavy metal removal using African-balsam sawdust as adsorbent. African-balsam sawdust was obtained from Kofar Ruwa local sawmill in Kano state, Nigeria. The ABS were washed, dried and pulverised using a high speed universal disintegrator model (FW80-1) which has a grinding mesh of 60-180µm. The prepared adsorbent was characterised by scanning electron microscope integrated with backscatter electron detector (SEM/BSD), Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method (BET) and proximate analysis. Effect of pH, contact time, adsorbent, dosage and initial ion concentration on the removal efficiency and as well as isotherm and kinetic model for Zn2+ ions were studied. The surface morphology of the ABS after adsorption shows that binding occurred between the adsorbent and adsorbate. FT-IR analysis after adsorption shows the stretching vibration of C-H, -C=C-, -C≡C- and N-H contributed towards Zn2+ adsorption and surface area and pore diameter using BET was found to be 389.25m2/g and 2.099+00nm. Batch adsorption experiment shows the maximum efficiency removal of 97.81% for Zn2+ was obtained at pH 6, equilibrium contact time was found to be 120mins with efficiency removal of 98.77%, the maximum adsorbent dosage was found to be 3.0g/100ml with efficiency removal of 98.99% and the maximum initial ion concentration was 100mg/l with efficiency removal of 97.99%. From the isotherm study, the maximum adsorption capacity (Qemax) for zinc ions is found to be 22.28mg/g. It was found that Freundlich isotherm with regression coefficient (R2) value of 0.946 fit the experimental data better. It was concluded that ABS is a good adsorbent like powdered corn cobs, groundnut shell and other Agricultural biomass materials.
Keywords: Powdered African-balsam sawdust, synthetic wastewater, adsorption isotherm and kinetic models, environmental pollution control.
J. Sule1, S. Duna1 A.M. Miiraj2 A. S. Osu
Corresponding Author: jibrinsule2005@yahoo.com
Abstract: This investigation focused on the consequences of abandonment on the strength of reinforced concrete structures due to long term exposure. It has become a tradition in the built environment to see abandoned projects continued without due consideration for the present status of the structural members. This neglect of the status of structural members in an abandoned building may lead to collapse if the structural members have failed in structural integrity. Four (4) abandoned project sites in the central area (Phase 1) of Abuja, Nigeria's Federal Capital Territory (FCT), were investigated. Thus, limiting the investigation to building that were abandoned for two (2) years (2020–2022). Visual inspections were carried out, a rebound hammer test was done, and steel reinforcement bars were cut from the site for laboratory testing and analysis. The results show that the concrete strength of the various structural members was within the designed strength, but there was a significant decrease in the tensile strength of the tested exposed reinforcement bars.
Keywords Abandoned Project, Steel, Concrete, Tensile Strength, Compressive strength,
Joseph O.P., Oyewusi T.F., Akinleye M.T., Alomaja J.A.c, Oluokun G.O., Salami L.O., Adeleke J.A.
*Corresponding Author: joseph.oluwatoyin@adelekeuniversity.edu.ng
Abstract: This paper presents the characteristic strength behaviour of ceramic waste powder (CWP) concrete in sulphate environment. This is with a view to check the behavior of concrete in sulphate environment and to improve on it. The experimental design was set up as factorial in randomized complete block design replicated three times. The factors are level of cement replacement (0%, 10% and 20% (vol/vol)), curing medium (H2O, MgSO4 and Na2SO4) and curing days (14 and 28 days). Appropriate percentage of CWP was mixed with corresponding proportions of cement (0%, 10% and 20%) and later mixed with the river sand and coarse aggregates and water. The cubes were cured for 14 and 28 days in three media of portable water and solutions of MgSO4 and Na2SO4 at 1.5% concentration. The effects of all these factors were evaluated by determining the compressive strength of the specimens using Compression Testing Machine. The result showed that the value 2.25 obtained for specific gravity of CWP was less than that of Portland limestone cement (3.15). The control (0%) mix recorded the highest workability while the lowest workability was recorded for 20% CWP concentration mix. The CWP-cement blended concrete containing 10% CWP shows the highest value of compressive strength in all the curing media, while that of 20% CWP shows the lowest value when compared with the control sample (0%). Therefore, CWP-cement blended concrete, at 10% replacement, will perform better in foundation containing MgSO4 and Na2SO4. This study is a good development in concrete production and construction industries.
Keywords: Compressive strength, sulphate environment, ceramic waste powder, Cement blended concrete
Water Distribution System Modelling for Leak Reduction in Suleja, Nigeria
Y. Tanimu..
tanimuyaba@gmail.com
Abstract: Every water distribution network leaks and water losses are a common phenomenon in all water distribution systems. The process of water loss reduction, (physical loss) is a measure of performance of a water supply system. This study is aimed at evaluating water distribution pressure in order to reduce leakages in Suleja Water distribution system. EPANET software was used to evaluate water distribution system, Pressure Reducing Valves (PRVs) were installed at the most effective set of water distribution systems to reduce pressure as well as leakage quantities of water. There are 167 nodes and 242 pipes. An average water distribution pressure in the existing water distribution system was 143m.and the loss was 79.00%. Then, after the pressure values were reduced by introduction of pressure reducing valves (PRVs), average pressure dropped to 65m, therefore, leakage in average loss was reduced 35.9%. The study concluded that the application of PRVs in the water distribution system can serve as a reliable solution for leakage reduction by reducing pressure in the water distribution networks, ss analyzed in Suleja town. The result is believed to provide decision support for efficient pipe-borne water supply in the town.
Keywords: Water distribution systems, pressure, leakage, EPANET software
Development of High-Strength Concrete (HSC) using Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA) and Rice Husk Ash (RBA) as Mineral Admixtures: A Review
Afolabi Abdullahi Abolaji and Adeola A Adedeji
Abstract: The construction industry is under rapid development all over the world as a result, the consumption of raw materials used in production of concrete has increased tremendously leading towards the depletion of various non-renewable resources. This increase in raw materials has driven us to source for alternative materials like SBA & RHA to supplement those materials in order to reduce cost, increase strength, enhance sustainability, reduce landfill volume and improve bond within transition zone for the benefit of all. Over the years, there have been defects in Construction Engineering in general. Among such defect is thermal cracks caused by heat of hydration due to high cement content but in some cases the use of silica fume is adopted. Silica fume is known for its packing density and strong pozzolanic property but due to its cost and unavailability in this part of the world, SBA and RHA will be adopted to achieve similar aim. Moreso, Some waste materials i.e sugarcane bagasse and rice husk ash could serve as a mineral admixture when processed it can be observed that chemical composition of SBA from different authors vary which could be due to the growing condition, temperature, period grown and variation in crop species.
Keywords: Not appicable.
Comparative Study of Earth Brick Stabilization Using Rice Husk Ash and Scrapped Tyre Ash Determination of Soil Erodibility Factor
Comparative Study of Earth Brick Stabilization Using Rice Husk Ash and Scrapped Tyre Ash
A.R. Anwar, H.A. Abba, I. Suleiman, U.S. Fadilu
Abstract: This report aimed at comparing the performance of rice husk ash and scrapped tyre ash in stabilizing earth bricks. The properties of the soil used to cast the bricks were determined. Then after casting the bricks, the compressive strength and water absorption were determined at various percentages of the stabilizers. Maximum dry density of the soil was found to be 1.85g/cm3, optimum moisture content was 16.7%, natural moisture content 12.5% and specific gravity was 1.92. It was found that both the rice husk ash and tyre ash improved the performance of the brick. The tyre ash proved more effective in improving the compressive strength at every stage of the experiment while rice husk had a greater tendency in decreasing the water absorption of the brick than tyre ash. It was established that fifteen (15) percent was the optimum percentage for both the rice husk and tyre ash.
Keyword: Earth brick, Rice husk ash, Tyre ash, Stabilizer
Determination of Soil Erodibility Factor
S. D. Iyeke1 and A. Aladenika2
Abstract: The estimation of amounts of soil loss is based widely on the use of the universal soil loss equation (USLE), which includes the factor of soil erodibility(K-factor). However, direct measurement in the field to obtain the value of the K factor is generally costly and time-consuming, hence the use of model in computing soil erodibility factor. Top soil samples were obtained at depth of 0-30cm at Emu in Esan South East local government area of Edo State. The physical and chemical properties of the soils were determined in the laboratory, while the Wischmeier and Smith (1978) model was used in computing the erodibility factor of the soil. The soil was classified as sandy loam soil based on the U. S. Department of Agricultural system (1983) textural class. It has low quantities of Total Nitrogen=0.50%; Available. Phosphorus = 7.8mg/Kg; Potassium= 1.6mg/Kg and organic matter=4.4%. A computed erodibility factor of 0.34 was obtained for the soil. This indicate that the soil has a moderate erodibility potential.
Keywords: Soil erosion; erodibility; Emu; Edo State; physico-chemical tests; Universal Soil Loss Equation
Vol. 4, No. 1, 2022
Characterization of a Feldspar Mineral from Adogo, Ajaokuta Deposit, Y. L. Shuaib-BabataS. O. Abdulraman, Y. O. Busari, I. O. Ambal,
K. S. Ajao and O. M. Yusuf
Deformation Properties of Lightweight Expanded Polystyrene Beads Concrete, S. D Iyeke and L. O. Bobor
An Evaluation of Glueability of Nigerian Isoberlinia Doka at Moisture Content above Fiber Saturation
CSibridge Modelling, Analysis and Design of Prestressed Concrete I-girder Bridge
CSibridge Modelling, Analysis and Design of Prestressed Concrete I-girder Bridge
M. A. Akinpelu, A. M. Salman and J. O. Adeiza
Abstract : Analysis and design of bridges using analytical approach is very complex and time-consuming most especially when prestressed concrete component is involved. A more productive approach that meets the demands of the present day industrial environment involves application of numerical modelling tool. Hence, this paper demonstrates modelling, analysis and design of a typical I-girder bridge using CSibridge. CSiBridge is a finite element based tool for modelling, analysis and design of bridge structures. Complex bridge geometries, parametric variations, load cases and boundary conditions are easily defined using different commands available in the modelling tool. The modelled bridge is a dual carriageway simply supported 2 x 35 m span prestressed I-girder bridge. The deck section consist of 14-number precast I-girders connected to the substructure members through bearings. The design was done in line with the provision of BS 5400 standards. The loadings considered are dead, superimposed dead, prestress and vehicular live loads. The analysis and design results revealed the unique capability of CSibridge in automating complex designs. The output of the design check showed that moment reactions due to dead load governed the flexural design while shear reactions due to vehicle live load significantly influenced the shear design of the girders.
Keywords: Prestress Concrete, I-Girder Bridge, CSiBridge, Deck Design.
An Evaluation of Glueability of Nigerian Isoberlinia Doka at Moisture Content above Fiber Saturation
A.Iorkar A. A. Adedeji and P. Abubakar
aiorkar@yahoo.com,, gaiadeji@gmail.com, , philip.abubakar@yahoo.com
Abstract: This paper presents an Evaluation of Glueability of Isoberlinia doka Timber Specie Grown in North Central Nigeria at moisture content above fiber saturation. Glued Laminated timbers were developed to improve the use of natural timber beyo.nd its natural limitations such as size and defects. Glued laminated timber is affected by many factors such as moisture content, adhesive used, variability in timber species, climate, cost of seasoning, and others. This implies, the glueability of every timber specie for structural use including Isoberlinia doka require to be studied. PU glue was used to laminate 6-layered horizontal beam specimens at moisture content above fiber saturation (83.38%) and tested at moisture content of 62.62%. Three-point bending test method was used in according to ASTM 198 (2018) to obtain bending strength and MOE parallel to the grain. The results generated was compared with similar sawn timber beam tested in this paper. There was no significant difference in the mean bending strength of horizontal glued laminated timber beam when compared with corresponding sawn timber (STB) tested in this study at alpha level of 0.05. The difference in the mean MOE was significant. Nevertheless, there was significant variability in bending and MOE of sawn timber beams tested herein than the glued laminated timber beams. The glued laminated timber beams failed purely in tension and not in glue line which is an indication of perfect glue line. GLTB developed 94% of mean bending strength and MOE of similar sawn timber beam tested in this paper. This revealed the suitability of PU glue for production of structural glued laminated timber at moisture content above fiber saturation in Nigeria and is therefore recommended for use in structural glued manufacture at wet condition. Furthermore, this research recommends glued laminated timber of Isoberlinia doka for structural use due to its performance as similar sawn timber in bending and MOE. Also, more research on glued laminated timber of other local timber species using unseasoned samples was recommended.
Keywords: Bending strength, glueability, glued-laminated, Fiber saturation, Isoberlinia doka, modulus of elasticity, moisture content
Characterization of a Feldspar Mineral from Adogo, Ajaokuta Deposit
Y. L. Shuaib-BabataS. O. Abdulraman, Y. O. Busari, I. O. Ambal,
K. S. Ajao and O. M. Yusuf
Abstract This study considered the suitability of Adogo feldspar deposit in Kogi State, Nigeria for glass and ceramic production. The feldspar's sample was characterised through analysis of its physical, chemical and mineralogical properties. The results of the physical analysis showed that the mineral has a bulk density of 1.3551 g/cm3 and tapped density of 1.5209 g/cm3, which was used to determine the compressibility index and Hausner ratio. The index shows that the powdered mineral has a good flow character. The result also revealed that the mineral has a very low percentage of moisture content (1.75%) and clay content of 2.9%. Meanwhile, the chemical analysis showed that the feldspar mineral has dominant elements of Silicon (70%) and Aluminium (20%), with 73% and 23% oxides of silicon and aluminium respectively, negligible values of other elements and oxides in the feldspar. The mineralogical analysis revealed that the feldspar deposit was of low-grade soda feldspar, while the phases present showed that the mineral was a low-grade feldspar Albite Feldspar. Though, the physical and chemical properties of the feldspar revealed the potential of the feldspar as a suitable raw material in ceramics and glass industry but further beneficiation was needed to meet suitability for the production of ceramic and glass.
Keywords Albite, Characterization, Diversification, Feldspar, Flowability, Muscovite,
Deformation Properties of Lightweight Expanded Polystyrene Beads Concrete
S. D Iyeke and L. O. Bobor
Abstract As a result of the various applications of expanded polystyrene (EPS) concrete in the construction industry, there have been several researches on the deformational properties of EPS concrete. Flexural strength and Modulus of Elasticity of LWAC are important parameters to understand the deformation of structural elements. This review summarizes previous findings on the utilization of different volume of EPS in concrete mix and the effects on the flexural strength and modulus of elasticity of EPS concrete. Also, the possibility of utilizing supplementary cementitious material (SCM) (silica fume, fly ash, rice ash husk) in improving the flexural strength and modulus of elasticity of EPS concrete is also presented. In general, the flexural strength and modulus of elasticity of EPS concrete decreases with an increase in the percentage volume of EPS. Also, supplementary cementitious materials like silica fume increases the flexural strength and modulus of elasticity of EPS concrete, unlike rice ash husk that give adverse effects. The failure modes for EPS concrete depends on the EPS aggregate content in the concretes. In case of the higher EPS aggregate concretes the failure was more ductile in contrast to the lower EPS concretes
Keywords: Flexural strength; modulus of elasticity; expanded polystyrene; stress-strain curve, deformation
Vol. 3, No. 2, 2021
Contents
Statistical Model for Predicting of Concrete Compressive Strength from Water-Cement Ratio and Cement Content M. H. Idris and N. Bello
Cement Coated Palm Kernel Shells as Aggregate Fraction Replacement in Hot and Warm Mix Asphalt F R Adeotiand Y. A. Jimoh
Environmental Justice in Transportation: Captive Commuters’ Attributes on Selected Movement Corridors to Higher Institutions of Learning in Ilorin, Nigeria I. K. Kolo1 and Y. A. Jimoh
Effect of Cast Iron Pipe Used in Water Distribution System on Groundwater Quality
A. Rawlings and S. Seghosime
Statistical Model for Predicting of Concrete Compressive Strength from Water-Cement Ratio and Cement Content
M. H. Idris and N. Bello
Abstract: This paper presents statistical model for the prediction of compressive strength of concrete from water cement ratio and cement content. In this study, SPSS software was used to develop the equation relating the compressive strength, water cement ratio and cement content. The statistical model developed predicts the compressive strength of concrete using water cement ratio values between 0.4 to 0.7. The principal factors that influence compressive strength of concrete were selected to ease the contractor the burden of having to conduct laboratory tests which could be time consuming and cumbersome. Actual values were used for the prediction of the proposed model. The compressive strength of the concrete is taken as the dependent variable while the other two variables water cement ratio and cement content were served as independent variables. Based on this, a statistical model using SPSS was used in determining the relationship between compressive strength of concrete and water cement ratio. The model gave a very strong relationship between predicted and actual values, with a coefficient of correlation value close to unity.
Keywords
Cement content, compressive strength, regression analysis, water/cement ratio
Cement Coated Palm Kernel Shells as Aggregate Fraction Replacement in Hot and Warm Mix Asphalt
Adeoti, Funmilola Rashidat1 and Jimoh, Yinusa Alaro2
Abstract: The Marshall strength properties of hot and warm mix asphalts were modelled with cement coated palm kernel shell (CCPKS) as substitute for coarse aggregate at different percentages (0 – 100%) of replacement. The selected PKS was coated with 20% cement by weight of the PKS and was sun dried. 60/70 grade of bitumen was used as the binder for both hot mix asphalt (HMA) and the warm mix asphalt (WMA) but the WMA was achieved by adding 3% of sasobit to the bitumen for the production of the asphalt. Tests of the preliminary properties were performed on the cement coated PKS and as well the binders (for both HMA and WMA) and their appropriateness for pavement works in line with the requirement of specifications was assessed at corresponding Marshall stability and flow characteristics including the establishment of the optimum bitumen content (OBC). The developed database was mathematically analyzed to generate models and appropriate percentage replacement for flexible pavement works. Marshall stability, flow and stiffness models for both hot and warm mix asphalt with respect to percentages of PKS replacement were further developed and assessed for usefulness in trial mixture design, production and in service monitoring of asphalt pavement works. The developed models have high determination ratio and coefficient of correlations (R2 ) in range 96 – 99% indicating a reliable confidence in deploying the models giving 38.25% and 95.04% replacement for non – coated and cement coated PKS as coarse aggregate in asphalt production for flexible pavement with hot mix PKS asphalt respectively.
Keywords Cement Coated Palm Kernel Shell, Sasobit, Marshall Properties, Hot and Warm Mix Asphalts.
Environmental Justice in Transportation: Captive Commuters’ Attributes on Selected Movement Corridors to Higher Institutions of Learning in Ilorin, Nigeria
I. K. Kolo and Y. A. Jimoh
Abstract Just-in-time trip making is the most desirable goal for captive commuters which is accomplishable with effective management of traffic delays at critical segments of a movement corridor. The objective is to assess the degree of captivity of commuters and respective attributes on selected corridors in Ilorin. Two 1st and 2nd priority arterials, University of Ilorin and Kwara Poly routes were selected from Ilorin city street network: structural questionnaire on the trip making were randomly administered on the commuters on the two routes critical sections/features on the routes were inventoried with their geometry and other properties. The generated database was analysed to determine the attribute of the commuters and degree of their captivity on the route and majority of commuters on the University of Ilorin and Kwara State Polytechnic routes were students at 93.4% and 92.3% respectively with corresponding zero car ownership of 93.6% and 91.7% that mandated this majority to commute daily in public transit vehicles and therefore captive on the two movement corridors.
Keywords: Environmental justice in transportation, captive commuter, just-intime trip making, car ownership
Effect of Cast Iron Pipe Used in Water Distribution System on Groundwater Quality
A. Rawlings and S. Seghosime
Abstract In this study, cast iron pipe of 1mm diameter by 3000mm length was cut into six pieces (each of 1mm diameter by 3000mm length) of which three pieces were uncoated while three pieces were coated (with calcium carbonate). Experiment was conducted in a static system using plastic beakers. Borehole water was poured into three different beakers (500ml) each containing 400ml of the water. Three pieces of the uncoated cast iron pipes were placed into the first beaker and labelled as water sample A, three pieces of the coated cast iron pipes were placed into the second beaker and labelled as water sample B while the third beaker was left without cast iron pipe and labelled as water sample C. These beakers were placed in a mechanical shaker for 20 minutes at a speed of 250rpm. Then, the beakers (containing the synthetic water samples) were left at room temperature for a period of six weeks before taking samples for analysis. The Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) of the synthetic water samples was also evaluated. Results from the study revealed that all parameters examined were within NSDWQ and WHO acceptable limits for drinking water quality standard except for coliform bacteria (Col.), Fe, Mn, Cr, Cd and Pb for water sample A, COD for water sample B and Fe, Cd and Pb for water sample C. It was observed that the heavy metal (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) concentrations in water sample B were lower than those of water sample A. Results of LSI indicated that water sample A and C are corrosive and that water sample A is seriously corrosive compared to water sample C while water sample B is not corrosive. From these results, it can be deduced that Tech Publications, Nigeria 282 cast iron pipe corrosion deteriorate groundwater quality, thus rendering the water unsafe and unfit for human consumption. In addition, CaCO3 can act as a barrier to cast iron pipe corrosion in groundwater, however it may elevate the levels of inorganic compound in the water thereby deteriorating its quality. Hence, the use of cast iron pipe (whether uncoated or coated with CaCO3) in water distribution system should be discourage.
Keywords Cast Iron Pipe, Corrosion, Corrosion Scale, Groundwater, Red water, Tubercles, Water Distribution System.
Modelling the Marshall Properties of Asphalt Mixes with Index Properties of Dissolved Polymer Modified Bitumen
M. T. Akinleye and Y. A. Jimoh
Abstract: Modelling of Marshall Stability and Flow of hot and warm mix asphalts using the preliminary properties of the bitumen has both cost and timeliness benefits; generating performance characteristics without going through the erstwhile rigorous procedures. Multiple polynomial regression analysis of data set of the basic and preliminary properties of the bituminous binding blends and mechanical strength of Dissolved Plastic Bottle (DPB) modified hot and warm asphalt mixes. Plastic bottles, scissor-cut into pellets were pyrolysed at 450 0C in 2 hours and converted to a liquid state to be miscible with bitumen as a DPB polymer modifier. The DPB was added to 60/70 bitumen at 0, 1-17@2% interval by weight of bitumen and separated to 20 containers. Sasobit, an admixture for warm mix asphalt production, was added at 3% to ten of the mixture containers to generate warm bituminous binding blend while the remaining ten were reserved for the hot bituminous binding blend. Tests of the preliminary properties on bitumen assessment for pavement works and Optimum Binder Content (OBC) were performed on each of the mixtures. Further, Marshall Specimens at respective determined OBC were produced and used to determine Marshall Stability and Flow. Statistical correlation analysis was performed on the generated data set to develop models for the asphalt mix mechanical properties in terms of the bituminous binder preliminary (Index) properties and the DPB modifier dosages. The models developed, polynomial in form, have high coefficients of determination and correlations (R2 ), 70-96% is therefore strongly recommended for predicting the Marshall stability and flow properties of the DPB-Modified hot and warm mix asphalts.
Keywords: Plastic Bottle, Pyrolysis, Sasobit, Basic Preliminary (Index) properties, Hot and Warm Asphalt mixes, Marshall Stability and Flow
Vol. 3, No. 1, 2021
Contents
Assessment of Empirical Regression for Estimation of Shear Strength Parameters of Soils in the Niger Delta Region, E. O. Oyinkepreye and S. D. Iyeke
Reliability-Based Code Calibration in Civil Engineering: A Critical Review M. Abubakar, J. I. Aguwa, M. Abdullahi and S. Sadik
Behaviour of Coconut Shell Aggregate (CSA) Concrete at Elevated Temperatur
A. Ibrahim, M. J. Garba, A. S. J. Smith and B. Muhammad
3D and 4D Modelling and Printing as a Method of Design and Construction Coordination
J. D. Ademiluyi and A A Adedeji
Abstract: This study presents how 3D and 4D Model is beginning to change building: how they look, the way they function, the ways in which they are built. 3D and 4D Model is not a type o r a thing of software but a human activity that involves wide process changes in construction. 3D and 4D Model approaches hold significant potential for the construction industry. Nonetheless, they are far from becoming standard practice in Nigeria's const ruction industry. This paper reports this inadequacy by providing guiding principles on how to overcome the technical, procedural, and organizational issues confronted by projec teams as they undertake this new way of working. Specifically, the project defines different approaches f or assembling a project team to leverage these technologies, the modeling requirements for implementing 3D and 4D projects, the 3D and 4D modeling processes, the benefits and inadequacies of the process and technologies, the effect of these technologies on the project's outcome, and the lessons learned. This paper is intended for industry professionals to take interest in pursuing this type of innovative project delivery. This paper will also be of interest to researchers as it illustrates the limitations o f emerging 3D and 4D technologies in the Nigeria Construction Industry.
Keywords:: 3D Modeling 4D Model, 4D Modelinging, , BIMBIM technology, technology, project collaboration, project collaboration, construction
Assessment of Empirical Regression for Estimation of Shear Strength Parameters of Soils in the Niger Delta Region
E. O. Oyinkepreye and S. D. Iyeke
Abstract: Shear strength parameters are important in the determination of strength characteristics of soils. Most developed models are usually computer based or soil type dependent. This work seeks to develop a simple to apply model for soils in the Niger delta region of Nigeria. The preliminary identification tests as well as the compaction and shear strength tests were carried out in accordance with British standards Several functional models were used to test for the effectiveness of the applicability of the developed models. The results of these analysis revels that the coefficient of determination (R2) for the exponential, polynomial, linear, power and logarithmic models are 19.93%, 99.85%, 39.57%, 19.82%, 39% and 93.12%, 98.81%, 93.86%, 92.02%, 92.80% for the cohesion and angle of friction respectively. Also, the root mean square (RMSE) for the exponential, polynomial, linear, power and logarithmic developed models are 1059%, 47%, 938%, 1070%, 943% and 235%, 155%, 353%, 255%, 383% for cohesion and angle of friction respectively. The polynomial models having the highest R2 and the least RMSE for the shear strength parameters, can be adjudged has been the most suitable of the developed models in the study area.
Keywords: Cohesion, Angle of friction, soils, regression analysis, Niger Delta
Reliability-Based Code Calibration in Civil Engineering: A Critical Review
M. Abubakar, J. I. Aguwa, M. Abdullahi and S. Sadiku
Abstract: The use of new materials and the complexities in modern civil engineering infrastructures call for a systematic attempt to find accurate design solutions. It is clear that deterministic values are not reliable and that their use in the design of civil engineering structures can lead to instant failures. Thus, the use of the probability theory to determine the most reliable value of a parameter for the design of civil engineering structures is very relevant. This work is intended to review the literature on the application of probability theory in the calibration of civil engineering design codes. Consequently, to better evaluate designs and design details, it is important to understand the techniques as highlighted herein.
Keywords: Code calibration, deterministic, probability of failure, reliability, uncertainty
Vol. 1, No. 2, 2020
Contents
Evaluation of Water Availability and Demand in the Sokoto Rima River Basin, Abioye Tunde, A. W. Salami A W and A. M. Ayanshola
Behaviour of Coconut Shell Aggregate (CSA) Concrete at Elevated Temperatur
A. Ibrahim, M. J. Garba, A. S. J. Smith and B. Muhammad
Evaluation of Water Availability and Demand in the Sokoto Rima River Basin
Abioye Tunde, A. W. Salami A W and A. M. Ayanshola
Abstract: This study evaluated the water availability and demand in the Sokoto Rima River Basin, North West Nigeria. The study was carried-out to ascertain the available water quantity in the basin as well as the expected water demand from all the sectors using water within the basin. In order to achieve this, relevant data were collected from Sokoto Rima River Basin Development Authority. Sokoto, Kebbi, Katsina and Zamfara States water resources Ministries were visited, where information related to dams and other water resources infrastructures were obtained. Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to establish correlation between the runoff and the discharge in the basin and annual flows were generated to be 1.233, 0.622, 2.101 and 0.601 m3/s for sub basins, and empirical formulae were used to obtain water demand in the basin area. It was observed that the total water available in the basin is 3.6 BCM annually. Population projection showed that the population of the whole basin, which was 16,039,674 persons in 2006, will rise to 35,917,063 persons in 2036. The estimated municipal, industrial, commercial and irrigation water demand were 445.28 MCM, 5.566 MCM, 44.528 MCM and 153 MCM in 2016 respectively. These figures were expected to rise in the nearest future. It was therefore, recommended among others that the basin water resources allocation should be planned and optimized using Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP)
Keywords: Sokoto – Rima, SWAT, water demand, runoff and WEAP
Behaviour of Coconut Shell Aggregate (CSA) Concrete at Elevated Temperature
A. Ibrahim, M. J. Garba, A. S. J. Smith and B. Muhammad
abbasibrahim64@gmail.com ; jamaamkr@gmail.com ; abutusmith@gmail.com ; engrbmuhammad@yahoo.com
Abstract: This paper attempts to study the mechanical behaviour of coconut shell aggregate (CSA) concrete subjected to elevated temperatures when coconut shell (CS) is used to replace coarse aggregate at 0, 10, 20 and 40% in concrete. The coconut shell used was obtained by breaking the shells into smaller sizes of less than 20mm after the fibres were removed. In order to produce control concrete samples with a minimum compressive strength of 15N/mm2 at 28 days curing age, mix ratio of 1:2:4 and water-cement ratio of 0.55 were adopted alongside Absolute Volume Method (AVM) to prepare the concrete mix proportions for this research. The specific gravity of the concrete materials were determined as well as the workability of the fresh coconut shell aggregate concrete at various replacement using slump tests. Compressive strength of 48 samples prepared at various CSA replacements using 100mm x 100mm x 100mm cube mould and cured for 28 days was determined after 30 minutes exposure to temperatures of 100, 300 and 500oC. Splitting tensile strength of 18 samples prepared at various CSA replacements using 200mm x 300mm cylinder mould and cured for 28 days was also determined after 30 minutes exposure to 500oC temperature. The results of this study showed that at 10% replacement and 500oC temperature, CSA concrete exhibits good behaviour in compressive strength and splitting tensile strength as it retained 67.3% and 53.7% of its strength respectively; as well as having a higher strength reduction coefficient (Kc( )) of 0.673 in compressive strength compared to the 0.60 allowed for siliceous aggregates in BS EN 1992-1-2 (2004). However, slump results showed that CSA concrete has a very low workability. So, CSA can be used up to 10% to 203 replace coarse aggregate in concrete to serve in non-load primary application areas.
Keywords: Coconut shell, compressive strength, concrete, elevated temperature, splitting tensile strength
Copyright © 2020, Department of Civil Engineering, Unilorin
Vol. 1, No. 2, 2019
Contents
Building Collapse in Nigeria (2009- 2019), Causes and Remedies – A Review 122; S. O. Odeyemi, Z. T. Giwa, and R. Abdulwahab
Performance of Concrete Made with Coconut Shell Ash (CSA) as Admixture in Acidic Environment 139; M. J. Garba, A. J. S. Smith and E. N. Ogork
Behaviour of Plastic Bottles Sandcrete Masonry as Reinforced Concrete Framed Infilled Panel Subjected toVertical and Lateral Loading 152; M. A. Tomori, and A. A. Adedeji
Suitability of Crushed Palm Kernel Shells for ConcreteProduction 171; A. S. J. Smith, M. J. Garba and T. A. Ibu
Suitability of Crushed Palm Kernel Shells for Concrete Production
A. S. J. Smith, M. J. Garba and T. A. Ibu
jamaamkr@gmail.com; thomasibu@yahoo.com
Abstract: The suitability of palm kernel shell as a partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete was researched to verify if concrete made with palm kernel shells meet some minimum standard prescribed for strength and density. Based on British standard classification of fine aggregate as aggregates passing the number 4 sieve of 4.75mm size or slightly higher sizes depending on local requirement, crushed palm kernel shells of particle diameter not greater than 5.0mm was used to replace river sand as fine aggregate in the following percentages: 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. For each mix proportion, three concrete cubes were cast and tested for compressive strength and density at 7, 14 and 28 days curing duration. The specific gravity of all the concrete ingredients were determined and used in preparing the concrete mix proportion. Sieve analysis of the different materials was also carried out in order to grade the fine aggregates used for the research as well as to determine their fineness modulus. The crushed palm kernel shell used was obtained by grinding palm kernel shells into fine sizes using grains’ grinding machine. Afterwards, it was sieved through 5mm sieve and use for the research. Mix ratio of 1:2:4 was adopted with water-cement ratio of 0.60. The results of the research showed that, eventhough there was significant reduction in the strength of the concrete as the quantity of crushed palm kernel shell (PKS) increases, crushed palm kernel shells can be used up to 10% to replace sand in lightweight concrete production as it produced a compressive strength of 27N/mm2 against the 30N/mm2 of the control.
Keywords: Palm Kernel Shell, Concrete, Compressive Strength, Density, Fineness Modulus.
Behaviour of Plastic Bottles Sandcrete Masonry as Reinforced Concrete Framed Infilled Panel Subjected to Vertical and Lateral Loading
M. A. Tomori, and A. A. Adedeji
aaadeji@unilorin.edu.ng
Abstract: Plastic bottle sandcrete masonry is a new innovation in building industry which can assist to obtain a social equity by avoiding the gap between the rich and the poor people housing in Nigeria. This study aims to determine the performance of plastic (PET) bottle sandcrete masonry in five-storey building due to vertical and lateral loading. Three scenarios of reinforced concrete frames were employed to achieve the serviceability of the structure. The scenarios were; bare frame, full infilled and soft storey, which are likewise compare with the conventional hollow sandcrete block. Experimental data from literature were used for the modelling and analysis. Numerical modelling was done by Equivalent strut method design by Federal Emergency Management Agency and ETABS software package was used for the analysis of the modelled frame structure. From this study, it was observed that maximum deflection values for bare frame differs greatly from that of frame with full infilled. The maximum displacement values for fourth storey gotten for bare frame, full infilled (pet), full infilled (hollow), soft storey (pet) and soft storey (hollow) were 8.29mm, 0.737mm, 1.058mm, 1.916mm and 2.19mm respectively. A closer value were gotten when compared with Equivalent strut methods. Conclusively, PET plastic bottle produced a lesser displacement than the conventional hollow sandcrete block It is thereby recommended for its adoption as a construction material for load and non-load bearing wall.
Keywords: Polyethylene terephthalate, compressive strength, framed structured, Masonry infill walls, reliability, Equivalent strut method
Performance of Concrete Made with Coconut Shell Ash (CSA) as an Admixture in Acidic Environment
M. J. Garba, A. S. J. Smith and E. N. Ogork
jamaamkr@gmail.com; 2 abutusmith@gmail.com; egbenguogork@yahoo.com
Abstract:This paper presents the findings of an investigation on the use of coconut shell ash (CSA) as admixture in concrete and its effect on durability performance. The CSA used was obtained by controlled burning of coconut shell in an incinerator to a temperature of 600–650ºC for 3 hours, air cooled, sieved through 75μm sieve and characterized by using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) analytical method. The compressive and splitting tensile strengths of concrete were investigated at varying CSA additions of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% respectively by weight of cement. A total of one hundred and forty-four of 100mm diameter by 200mm long cylinder CSA-concrete of 1:2:4 concrete mix and water-cement ratio of 0.55 were tested for compressive and splitting tensile strengths at 3, 7, 28 and 56 days of curing in accordance with standard procedures. Eighteen number 100mm cubes were tested for water absorption after curing for 28 days in water. The resistance of concrete specimen exposed to attack from 2.5% concentration of hydrochloric acid solution was investigated. The result of the investigations showed that CSA is of high silicon dioxide (37.97%), aluminum oxide (22.12%), magnesium oxide (16.2%), iron oxide (15.48%) and calcium oxide (4.98%). The inclusion of CSA in concrete increased compressive and splitting tensile strengths respectively. CSA addition in concrete slightly increased water absorption. The use of CSA improved the resistance of concrete exposed to acidic environment. Therefore, up to 2% addition of CSA is recommended for use as admixture in concrete to improve strength, and durability in acidic environment.
Keywords: Concrete; compressive strength, coconut shell ash, hydrochloric acid, durability
Building Collapse in Nigeria (2009- 2019), Causes and Remedies – A Review
S. O. Odeyemi, Z. T. Giwa, and R. Abdulwahab
Abstract: There has been incessant collapse of buildings in Nigeria which has led to the loss of many lives. Many of these incidences were not analyzed based on their frequencies per year, height of the structures, causes of collapse and geopolitical zones of occurrence. Therefore, this study investigated the number of collapsed buildings in Nigeria from 2009 to 2019, based on the factors highlighted above. Published journal articles, conference proceedings, academic reports and newspapers were reviewed to obtain the data used for the analysis. The results show that the leading causes of building collapse within the period are structural defects. The highest rate of collapse occurred in 2014 while 2016 has the highest number of lives lost. It was also noted that the rate of collapse is predominant in the south west which recorded 34 collapses (60.71% of the total collapse during the years under review) and 132 lives lost (64.08% of total lives lost during the period under review). It was recommended that the SON (Standard Organization of Nigeria) should ensure that only certified building materials are allowed in the market, soil tests, Environmental Impact Analysis and structural analysis should be mandatory and proper supervision of construction works by competent professionals should be ensured.
Keywords: Building collapse, structural defect, south west, substandard materials
Opeyemi David Alli, Stephen O Owolabi et al
Okereke Eze Aru, Eleanyan N. E, Igwe Johnson Eze, Okonkwo Chimaobi .K, E. O Oke
ApplicationApplicati1ComputerApplicationApplicati1Computer Engineering Department, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria
Therapeutic and biological activities of Khaya Senegalisis Bark (KSB) phenolic extract using convectional heat-assisted extraction technology have hugely been reported in the literature. However, green non-convectional microwave-intensified extraction technology for KSB bioactive extract production has seldom documented in the scientific report. Therefore, this study presents Box-Benhken Design (BBD) modeling and optimization of bioactive phenolic extract from Khaya Senegalisis Bark via Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) technology. The green intensified extraction of KSB was performed using BBD in Response Surface Methodology (RSM) at extraction time (2-10 mins), extraction microwave power (520-1040 W), and solid-liquid ratio (0.4-1 g/ml) with yield and Total Phenolic Content (TPC) as dependent variables. BBD models for predicting the extraction responses showed coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.99 for yield and 0.999 for TPC. BBD desirability optimization algorithm gave optimum TPC (5.15 mg GAE/g DW) and Yield (32.15 %). Therefore, thGe study shows that BBD is reliable for modelling KSB solid-liquid extraction for possible process scale-up process design and economics.
Keywords
Extraction, modelling, Optimization, Response Surface, Methodology, Khaya Senegalisis
Vol.5, No. 1, 2023
SStrengthVoltrength and Abrasion Properties of Mortar Incorporating Groundnut Husk Ash as Partial Cement Replacement
AjagbeAjagbe, W. O., Tijani, M. A. and Olulope, O. R.
CorrespondingCorresponding email: murtadha.tijani@uniosun.edu.ng
CorrespondingCorrespondingCorrespondingCorresponding
AbstractAbstract: This study investigated the strength and abrasion properties of groundnut husk ash (GHA) as partial cement replacement in mortar production. Groundnut husk was burnt to ashes at a temperature of 600°C to obtain Groundnut Husk Ash (GHA) and its chemical composition determined using X-ray florescence analyzer. Preparation of various mixtures of mortar were done by adopting binder/sand ratio of 1:3 and water/cement ratio of 0.5. The percentages of GHA used as replacement for cement varied from 0 - 20% at 5% increment respectively. Fresh pastes were subjected to consistency and setting time tests. Concrete cube, and prism samples were cast and cured for 7, 14, 28, 56 and 90 days and used to evaluate the compressive strength, flexural strength and abrasion resistance of mortar mixtures. The result of chemical analysis of GHA shows that the sum of percentages of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 which forms the major oxides for a pozzolanic material was 26.98% and did not satisfied the specification for pozzolans. The GHA pastes had higher consistency and longer setting times than cement. Mortars modified with 5 and 10% GHA had higher compressive strength than the control, especially at later ages. The flexural strength and abrasion loss of mortars reduced with increase in GHA contents with 5 and 10% GHA mortars having comparable results with the control. It is concluded that GHA up to 10% is a good partial replacement of cement in mortar production.
KeywordsKeywords: Abrasion resistance, Cement, Compressive strength, Flexural strength, Groundnut husk ash.
Keywords
KeywordsDrivers’ Seatbelt Usage, In Minna, Northern Nigeria
S. S. Kolo., O. O. Adeleke, I. T. Yusuf, Abdulrahman H. S, Shehu M. and Hawa A.
s.kolo@futminna.edu.ng +2348036879855
Abstract: Five settlements in Minna, Niger State capital were examined to determine drivers` attitudes and behaviours regarding usage of seatbelts. Multiple data Collection methods consisting of semi-structured interviews to create questionnaire for an in-person survey for 100 drivers each, for five different locations that was used. The questions explored why Minna drivers used or do not use seatbelts and what they think would be the best interventions to increase the rate of seatbelt usage in Minna by drivers. The outcome of all the aforementioned were translated into charts and following outcome was obtained. The composition of gender, for the respondent are 87% male and 13% female, showing that, out of this number 33% are married while 64% are unmarried and 3% are divorced. The finding also showed that the most prevalent age of driver is between age 36 to age 45 and it is said to be the productive age. It was also discovered that majority of the driver interviewed are Nigerlite constituting 64% of those interviewed. It was also noted that, a driver is 87% safer when seat belt is used as compared to not using seatbelt of 37% safe when accident or crash happen. It was therefore advised that sustained radio and television advertisement be done to encourage the use of seatbelt in Northern Nigeria.
Keywords: Attitude, Behaviour, Drivers, Accident and Seatbelt use.
Removal of Zinc Ions From Synthetic Wastewater Using Powdered African-Balsam Sawdust (Daniella Oliveri)
Umide Silas Ojimaojo, Ibrahim Umar Salihi, Alhassan Yahaya
Email: umideojimaojo@gmail.com, Phone Number: 07037898607
Abstract:This work is a report on a study carried out on adsorption of zinc ions onto African-balsam sawdust powder (ABS), which is meant to be achieved by characterizing the African-balsam sawdust collected from sawmill, establish the adsorption potential of sawdust on aqueous solution of zinc in order to determine the effect of pH, contact time, initial concentration and adsorbent dosage, determine the applicable adsorption isotherm model for the adsorbent, and to also know the kinetics for heavy metal removal using African-balsam sawdust as adsorbent. African-balsam sawdust was obtained from Kofar Ruwa local sawmill in Kano state, Nigeria. The ABS were washed, dried and pulverised using a high speed universal disintegrator model (FW80-1) which has a grinding mesh of 60-180µm. The prepared adsorbent was characterised by scanning electron microscope integrated with backscatter electron detector (SEM/BSD), Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method (BET) and proximate analysis. Effect of pH, contact time, adsorbent, dosage and initial ion concentration on the removal efficiency and as well as isotherm and kinetic model for Zn2+ ions were studied. The surface morphology of the ABS after adsorption shows that binding occurred between the adsorbent and adsorbate. FT-IR analysis after adsorption shows the stretching vibration of C-H, -C=C-, -C≡C- and N-H contributed towards Zn2+ adsorption and surface area and pore diameter using BET was found to be 389.25m2/g and 2.099+00nm. Batch adsorption experiment shows the maximum efficiency removal of 97.81% for Zn2+ was obtained at pH 6, equilibrium contact time was found to be 120mins with efficiency removal of 98.77%, the maximum adsorbent dosage was found to be 3.0g/100ml with efficiency removal of 98.99% and the maximum initial ion concentration was 100mg/l with efficiency removal of 97.99%. From the isotherm study, the maximum adsorption capacity (Qemax) for zinc ions is found to be 22.28mg/g. It was found that Freundlich isotherm with regression coefficient (R2) value of 0.946 fit the experimental data better. It was concluded that ABS is a good adsorbent like powdered corn cobs, groundnut shell and other Agricultural biomass materials.
Keywords: Powdered African-balsam sawdust, synthetic wastewater, adsorption isotherm and kinetic models, environmental pollution control.
Effect of Abandoned Construction Project on Exposed Reinforced Concrete Structure in Central Area of Abuja, Nigeria
J. Sule1, S. Duna1 A.M. Miiraj2 A. S. Osu
Corresponding Author: jibrinsule2005@yahoo.com
Abstract: This investigation focused on the consequences of abandonment on the strength of reinforced concrete structures due to long term exposure. It has become a tradition in the built environment to see abandoned projects continued without due consideration for the present status of the structural members. This neglect of the status of structural members in an abandoned building may lead to collapse if the structural members have failed in structural integrity. Four (4) abandoned project sites in the central area (Phase 1) of Abuja, Nigeria's Federal Capital Territory (FCT), were investigated. Thus, limiting the investigation to building that were abandoned for two (2) years (2020–2022). Visual inspections were carried out, a rebound hammer test was done, and steel reinforcement bars were cut from the site for laboratory testing and analysis. The results show that the concrete strength of the various structural members was within the designed strength, but there was a significant decrease in the tensile strength of the tested exposed reinforcement bars.
Keywords Abandoned Project, Steel, Concrete, Tensile Strength, Compressive strength,
Behaviour of Ceramic Waste Powder-Cement Blended Concrete in Sulphate Environment
Joseph O.P., Oyewusi T.F., Akinleye M.T., Alomaja J.A.c, Oluokun G.O., Salami L.O., Adeleke J.A.
*Corresponding Author: joseph.oluwatoyin@adelekeuniversity.edu.ng
Abstract: This paper presents the characteristic strength behaviour of ceramic waste powder (CWP) concrete in sulphate environment. This is with a view to check the behavior of concrete in sulphate environment and to improve on it. The experimental design was set up as factorial in randomized complete block design replicated three times. The factors are level of cement replacement (0%, 10% and 20% (vol/vol)), curing medium (H2O, MgSO4 and Na2SO4) and curing days (14 and 28 days). Appropriate percentage of CWP was mixed with corresponding proportions of cement (0%, 10% and 20%) and later mixed with the river sand and coarse aggregates and water. The cubes were cured for 14 and 28 days in three media of portable water and solutions of MgSO4 and Na2SO4 at 1.5% concentration. The effects of all these factors were evaluated by determining the compressive strength of the specimens using Compression Testing Machine. The result showed that the value 2.25 obtained for specific gravity of CWP was less than that of Portland limestone cement (3.15). The control (0%) mix recorded the highest workability while the lowest workability was recorded for 20% CWP concentration mix. The CWP-cement blended concrete containing 10% CWP shows the highest value of compressive strength in all the curing media, while that of 20% CWP shows the lowest value when compared with the control sample (0%). Therefore, CWP-cement blended concrete, at 10% replacement, will perform better in foundation containing MgSO4 and Na2SO4. This study is a good development in concrete production and construction industries.
Keywords: Compressive strength, sulphate environment, ceramic waste powder, Cement blended concrete
Water Distribution System Modelling for Leak Reduction in Suleja, Nigeria
Y. Tanimu..
tanimuyaba@gmail.com
Abstract: Every water distribution network leaks and water losses are a common phenomenon in all water distribution systems. The process of water loss reduction, (physical loss) is a measure of performance of a water supply system. This study is aimed at evaluating water distribution pressure in order to reduce leakages in Suleja Water distribution system. EPANET software was used to evaluate water distribution system, Pressure Reducing Valves (PRVs) were installed at the most effective set of water distribution systems to reduce pressure as well as leakage quantities of water. There are 167 nodes and 242 pipes. An average water distribution pressure in the existing water distribution system was 143m.and the loss was 79.00%. Then, after the pressure values were reduced by introduction of pressure reducing valves (PRVs), average pressure dropped to 65m, therefore, leakage in average loss was reduced 35.9%. The study concluded that the application of PRVs in the water distribution system can serve as a reliable solution for leakage reduction by reducing pressure in the water distribution networks, ss analyzed in Suleja town. The result is believed to provide decision support for efficient pipe-borne water supply in the town.
Keywords: Water distribution systems, pressure, leakage, EPANET software
Development of High-Strength Concrete (HSC) using Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA) and Rice Husk Ash (RBA) as Mineral Admixtures: A Review
Afolabi Abdullahi Abolaji and Adeola A Adedeji
Abstract: The construction industry is under rapid development all over the world as a result, the consumption of raw materials used in production of concrete has increased tremendously leading towards the depletion of various non-renewable resources. This increase in raw materials has driven us to source for alternative materials like SBA & RHA to supplement those materials in order to reduce cost, increase strength, enhance sustainability, reduce landfill volume and improve bond within transition zone for the benefit of all. Over the years, there have been defects in Construction Engineering in general. Among such defect is thermal cracks caused by heat of hydration due to high cement content but in some cases the use of silica fume is adopted. Silica fume is known for its packing density and strong pozzolanic property but due to its cost and unavailability in this part of the world, SBA and RHA will be adopted to achieve similar aim. Moreso, Some waste materials i.e sugarcane bagasse and rice husk ash could serve as a mineral admixture when processed it can be observed that chemical composition of SBA from different authors vary which could be due to the growing condition, temperature, period grown and variation in crop species.
Keywords: Not appicable.
Vol. 4, No. 2, 2022
Comparative Study of Earth Brick Stabilization Using Rice Husk Ash and Scrapped Tyre Ash
Determination of Soil Erodibility Factor
Comparative Study of Earth Brick Stabilization Using Rice Husk Ash and Scrapped Tyre Ash
A.R. Anwar, H.A. Abba, I. Suleiman, U.S. Fadilu
Abstract: This report aimed at comparing the performance of rice husk ash and scrapped tyre ash in stabilizing earth bricks. The properties of the soil used to cast the bricks were determined. Then after casting the bricks, the compressive strength and water absorption were determined at various percentages of the stabilizers. Maximum dry density of the soil was found to be 1.85g/cm3, optimum moisture content was 16.7%, natural moisture content 12.5% and specific gravity was 1.92. It was found that both the rice husk ash and tyre ash improved the performance of the brick. The tyre ash proved more effective in improving the compressive strength at every stage of the experiment while rice husk had a greater tendency in decreasing the water absorption of the brick than tyre ash. It was established that fifteen (15) percent was the optimum percentage for both the rice husk and tyre ash.
Keyword: Earth brick, Rice husk ash, Tyre ash, Stabilizer
Determination of Soil Erodibility Factor
S. D. Iyeke1 and A. Aladenika2
Abstract: The estimation of amounts of soil loss is based widely on the use of the universal soil loss equation (USLE), which includes the factor of soil erodibility(K-factor). However, direct measurement in the field to obtain the value of the K factor is generally costly and time-consuming, hence the use of model in computing soil erodibility factor. Top soil samples were obtained at depth of 0-30cm at Emu in Esan South East local government area of Edo State. The physical and chemical properties of the soils were determined in the laboratory, while the Wischmeier and Smith (1978) model was used in computing the erodibility factor of the soil. The soil was classified as sandy loam soil based on the U. S. Department of Agricultural system (1983) textural class. It has low quantities of Total Nitrogen=0.50%; Available. Phosphorus = 7.8mg/Kg; Potassium= 1.6mg/Kg and organic matter=4.4%. A computed erodibility factor of 0.34 was obtained for the soil. This indicate that the soil has a moderate erodibility potential.
Keywords: Soil erosion; erodibility; Emu; Edo State; physico-chemical tests; Universal Soil Loss Equation
Vol. 4, No. 1, 2022
Characterization of a Feldspar Mineral from Adogo, Ajaokuta Deposit, Y. L. Shuaib-BabataS. O. Abdulraman, Y. O. Busari, I. O. Ambal,
K. S. Ajao and O. M. Yusuf
Deformation Properties of Lightweight Expanded Polystyrene Beads Concrete, S. D Iyeke and L. O. Bobor
An Evaluation of Glueability of Nigerian Isoberlinia Doka at Moisture Content above Fiber Saturation
CSibridge Modelling, Analysis and Design of Prestressed Concrete I-girder Bridge
CSibridge Modelling, Analysis and Design of Prestressed Concrete I-girder Bridge
M. A. Akinpelu, A. M. Salman and J. O. Adeiza
Abstract : Analysis and design of bridges using analytical approach is very complex and time-consuming most especially when prestressed concrete component is involved. A more productive approach that meets the demands of the present day industrial environment involves application of numerical modelling tool. Hence, this paper demonstrates modelling, analysis and design of a typical I-girder bridge using CSibridge. CSiBridge is a finite element based tool for modelling, analysis and design of bridge structures. Complex bridge geometries, parametric variations, load cases and boundary conditions are easily defined using different commands available in the modelling tool. The modelled bridge is a dual carriageway simply supported 2 x 35 m span prestressed I-girder bridge. The deck section consist of 14-number precast I-girders connected to the substructure members through bearings. The design was done in line with the provision of BS 5400 standards. The loadings considered are dead, superimposed dead, prestress and vehicular live loads. The analysis and design results revealed the unique capability of CSibridge in automating complex designs. The output of the design check showed that moment reactions due to dead load governed the flexural design while shear reactions due to vehicle live load significantly influenced the shear design of the girders.
Keywords: Prestress Concrete, I-Girder Bridge, CSiBridge, Deck Design.
An Evaluation of Glueability of Nigerian Isoberlinia Doka at Moisture Content above Fiber Saturation
A.Iorkar A. A. Adedeji and P. Abubakar
aiorkar@yahoo.com,, gaiadeji@gmail.com, , philip.abubakar@yahoo.com
Abstract: This paper presents an Evaluation of Glueability of Isoberlinia doka Timber Specie Grown in North Central Nigeria at moisture content above fiber saturation. Glued Laminated timbers were developed to improve the use of natural timber beyo.nd its natural limitations such as size and defects. Glued laminated timber is affected by many factors such as moisture content, adhesive used, variability in timber species, climate, cost of seasoning, and others. This implies, the glueability of every timber specie for structural use including Isoberlinia doka require to be studied. PU glue was used to laminate 6-layered horizontal beam specimens at moisture content above fiber saturation (83.38%) and tested at moisture content of 62.62%. Three-point bending test method was used in according to ASTM 198 (2018) to obtain bending strength and MOE parallel to the grain. The results generated was compared with similar sawn timber beam tested in this paper. There was no significant difference in the mean bending strength of horizontal glued laminated timber beam when compared with corresponding sawn timber (STB) tested in this study at alpha level of 0.05. The difference in the mean MOE was significant. Nevertheless, there was significant variability in bending and MOE of sawn timber beams tested herein than the glued laminated timber beams. The glued laminated timber beams failed purely in tension and not in glue line which is an indication of perfect glue line. GLTB developed 94% of mean bending strength and MOE of similar sawn timber beam tested in this paper. This revealed the suitability of PU glue for production of structural glued laminated timber at moisture content above fiber saturation in Nigeria and is therefore recommended for use in structural glued manufacture at wet condition. Furthermore, this research recommends glued laminated timber of Isoberlinia doka for structural use due to its performance as similar sawn timber in bending and MOE. Also, more research on glued laminated timber of other local timber species using unseasoned samples was recommended.
Keywords: Bending strength, glueability, glued-laminated, Fiber saturation, Isoberlinia doka, modulus of elasticity, moisture content
Characterization of a Feldspar Mineral from Adogo, Ajaokuta Deposit
Y. L. Shuaib-BabataS. O. Abdulraman, Y. O. Busari, I. O. Ambal,
K. S. Ajao and O. M. Yusuf
Abstract This study considered the suitability of Adogo feldspar deposit in Kogi State, Nigeria for glass and ceramic production. The feldspar's sample was characterised through analysis of its physical, chemical and mineralogical properties. The results of the physical analysis showed that the mineral has a bulk density of 1.3551 g/cm3 and tapped density of 1.5209 g/cm3, which was used to determine the compressibility index and Hausner ratio. The index shows that the powdered mineral has a good flow character. The result also revealed that the mineral has a very low percentage of moisture content (1.75%) and clay content of 2.9%. Meanwhile, the chemical analysis showed that the feldspar mineral has dominant elements of Silicon (70%) and Aluminium (20%), with 73% and 23% oxides of silicon and aluminium respectively, negligible values of other elements and oxides in the feldspar. The mineralogical analysis revealed that the feldspar deposit was of low-grade soda feldspar, while the phases present showed that the mineral was a low-grade feldspar Albite Feldspar. Though, the physical and chemical properties of the feldspar revealed the potential of the feldspar as a suitable raw material in ceramics and glass industry but further beneficiation was needed to meet suitability for the production of ceramic and glass.
Keywords Albite, Characterization, Diversification, Feldspar, Flowability, Muscovite,
Deformation Properties of Lightweight Expanded Polystyrene Beads Concrete
S. D Iyeke and L. O. Bobor
Abstract As a result of the various applications of expanded polystyrene (EPS) concrete in the construction industry, there have been several researches on the deformational properties of EPS concrete. Flexural strength and Modulus of Elasticity of LWAC are important parameters to understand the deformation of structural elements. This review summarizes previous findings on the utilization of different volume of EPS in concrete mix and the effects on the flexural strength and modulus of elasticity of EPS concrete. Also, the possibility of utilizing supplementary cementitious material (SCM) (silica fume, fly ash, rice ash husk) in improving the flexural strength and modulus of elasticity of EPS concrete is also presented. In general, the flexural strength and modulus of elasticity of EPS concrete decreases with an increase in the percentage volume of EPS. Also, supplementary cementitious materials like silica fume increases the flexural strength and modulus of elasticity of EPS concrete, unlike rice ash husk that give adverse effects. The failure modes for EPS concrete depends on the EPS aggregate content in the concretes. In case of the higher EPS aggregate concretes the failure was more ductile in contrast to the lower EPS concretes
Keywords: Flexural strength; modulus of elasticity; expanded polystyrene; stress-strain curve, deformation
Vol. 3, No. 2, 2021
Contents
Statistical Model for Predicting of Concrete Compressive Strength from Water-Cement Ratio and Cement Content M. H. Idris and N. Bello
Cement Coated Palm Kernel Shells as Aggregate Fraction Replacement in Hot and Warm Mix Asphalt F R Adeotiand Y. A. Jimoh
Environmental Justice in Transportation: Captive Commuters’ Attributes on Selected Movement Corridors to Higher Institutions of Learning in Ilorin, Nigeria I. K. Kolo1 and Y. A. Jimoh
Effect of Cast Iron Pipe Used in Water Distribution System on Groundwater Quality
A. Rawlings and S. Seghosime
Statistical Model for Predicting of Concrete Compressive Strength from Water-Cement Ratio and Cement Content
M. H. Idris and N. Bello
Abstract: This paper presents statistical model for the prediction of compressive strength of concrete from water cement ratio and cement content. In this study, SPSS software was used to develop the equation relating the compressive strength, water cement ratio and cement content. The statistical model developed predicts the compressive strength of concrete using water cement ratio values between 0.4 to 0.7. The principal factors that influence compressive strength of concrete were selected to ease the contractor the burden of having to conduct laboratory tests which could be time consuming and cumbersome. Actual values were used for the prediction of the proposed model. The compressive strength of the concrete is taken as the dependent variable while the other two variables water cement ratio and cement content were served as independent variables. Based on this, a statistical model using SPSS was used in determining the relationship between compressive strength of concrete and water cement ratio. The model gave a very strong relationship between predicted and actual values, with a coefficient of correlation value close to unity.
Keywords
Cement content, compressive strength, regression analysis, water/cement ratio
Cement Coated Palm Kernel Shells as Aggregate Fraction Replacement in Hot and Warm Mix Asphalt
Adeoti, Funmilola Rashidat1 and Jimoh, Yinusa Alaro2
Abstract: The Marshall strength properties of hot and warm mix asphalts were modelled with cement coated palm kernel shell (CCPKS) as substitute for coarse aggregate at different percentages (0 – 100%) of replacement. The selected PKS was coated with 20% cement by weight of the PKS and was sun dried. 60/70 grade of bitumen was used as the binder for both hot mix asphalt (HMA) and the warm mix asphalt (WMA) but the WMA was achieved by adding 3% of sasobit to the bitumen for the production of the asphalt. Tests of the preliminary properties were performed on the cement coated PKS and as well the binders (for both HMA and WMA) and their appropriateness for pavement works in line with the requirement of specifications was assessed at corresponding Marshall stability and flow characteristics including the establishment of the optimum bitumen content (OBC). The developed database was mathematically analyzed to generate models and appropriate percentage replacement for flexible pavement works. Marshall stability, flow and stiffness models for both hot and warm mix asphalt with respect to percentages of PKS replacement were further developed and assessed for usefulness in trial mixture design, production and in service monitoring of asphalt pavement works. The developed models have high determination ratio and coefficient of correlations (R2 ) in range 96 – 99% indicating a reliable confidence in deploying the models giving 38.25% and 95.04% replacement for non – coated and cement coated PKS as coarse aggregate in asphalt production for flexible pavement with hot mix PKS asphalt respectively.
Keywords Cement Coated Palm Kernel Shell, Sasobit, Marshall Properties, Hot and Warm Mix Asphalts.
Environmental Justice in Transportation: Captive Commuters’ Attributes on Selected Movement Corridors to Higher Institutions of Learning in Ilorin, Nigeria
I. K. Kolo and Y. A. Jimoh
Abstract Just-in-time trip making is the most desirable goal for captive commuters which is accomplishable with effective management of traffic delays at critical segments of a movement corridor. The objective is to assess the degree of captivity of commuters and respective attributes on selected corridors in Ilorin. Two 1st and 2nd priority arterials, University of Ilorin and Kwara Poly routes were selected from Ilorin city street network: structural questionnaire on the trip making were randomly administered on the commuters on the two routes critical sections/features on the routes were inventoried with their geometry and other properties. The generated database was analysed to determine the attribute of the commuters and degree of their captivity on the route and majority of commuters on the University of Ilorin and Kwara State Polytechnic routes were students at 93.4% and 92.3% respectively with corresponding zero car ownership of 93.6% and 91.7% that mandated this majority to commute daily in public transit vehicles and therefore captive on the two movement corridors.
Keywords: Environmental justice in transportation, captive commuter, just-intime trip making, car ownership
Effect of Cast Iron Pipe Used in Water Distribution System on Groundwater Quality
A. Rawlings and S. Seghosime
Abstract In this study, cast iron pipe of 1mm diameter by 3000mm length was cut into six pieces (each of 1mm diameter by 3000mm length) of which three pieces were uncoated while three pieces were coated (with calcium carbonate). Experiment was conducted in a static system using plastic beakers. Borehole water was poured into three different beakers (500ml) each containing 400ml of the water. Three pieces of the uncoated cast iron pipes were placed into the first beaker and labelled as water sample A, three pieces of the coated cast iron pipes were placed into the second beaker and labelled as water sample B while the third beaker was left without cast iron pipe and labelled as water sample C. These beakers were placed in a mechanical shaker for 20 minutes at a speed of 250rpm. Then, the beakers (containing the synthetic water samples) were left at room temperature for a period of six weeks before taking samples for analysis. The Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) of the synthetic water samples was also evaluated. Results from the study revealed that all parameters examined were within NSDWQ and WHO acceptable limits for drinking water quality standard except for coliform bacteria (Col.), Fe, Mn, Cr, Cd and Pb for water sample A, COD for water sample B and Fe, Cd and Pb for water sample C. It was observed that the heavy metal (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) concentrations in water sample B were lower than those of water sample A. Results of LSI indicated that water sample A and C are corrosive and that water sample A is seriously corrosive compared to water sample C while water sample B is not corrosive. From these results, it can be deduced that Tech Publications, Nigeria 282 cast iron pipe corrosion deteriorate groundwater quality, thus rendering the water unsafe and unfit for human consumption. In addition, CaCO3 can act as a barrier to cast iron pipe corrosion in groundwater, however it may elevate the levels of inorganic compound in the water thereby deteriorating its quality. Hence, the use of cast iron pipe (whether uncoated or coated with CaCO3) in water distribution system should be discourage.
Keywords Cast Iron Pipe, Corrosion, Corrosion Scale, Groundwater, Red water, Tubercles, Water Distribution System.
Modelling the Marshall Properties of Asphalt Mixes with Index Properties of Dissolved Polymer Modified Bitumen
M. T. Akinleye and Y. A. Jimoh
Abstract: Modelling of Marshall Stability and Flow of hot and warm mix asphalts using the preliminary properties of the bitumen has both cost and timeliness benefits; generating performance characteristics without going through the erstwhile rigorous procedures. Multiple polynomial regression analysis of data set of the basic and preliminary properties of the bituminous binding blends and mechanical strength of Dissolved Plastic Bottle (DPB) modified hot and warm asphalt mixes. Plastic bottles, scissor-cut into pellets were pyrolysed at 450 0C in 2 hours and converted to a liquid state to be miscible with bitumen as a DPB polymer modifier. The DPB was added to 60/70 bitumen at 0, 1-17@2% interval by weight of bitumen and separated to 20 containers. Sasobit, an admixture for warm mix asphalt production, was added at 3% to ten of the mixture containers to generate warm bituminous binding blend while the remaining ten were reserved for the hot bituminous binding blend. Tests of the preliminary properties on bitumen assessment for pavement works and Optimum Binder Content (OBC) were performed on each of the mixtures. Further, Marshall Specimens at respective determined OBC were produced and used to determine Marshall Stability and Flow. Statistical correlation analysis was performed on the generated data set to develop models for the asphalt mix mechanical properties in terms of the bituminous binder preliminary (Index) properties and the DPB modifier dosages. The models developed, polynomial in form, have high coefficients of determination and correlations (R2 ), 70-96% is therefore strongly recommended for predicting the Marshall stability and flow properties of the DPB-Modified hot and warm mix asphalts.
Keywords: Plastic Bottle, Pyrolysis, Sasobit, Basic Preliminary (Index) properties, Hot and Warm Asphalt mixes, Marshall Stability and Flow
Vol. 3, No. 1, 2021
Contents
Assessment of Empirical Regression for Estimation of Shear Strength Parameters of Soils in the Niger Delta Region, E. O. Oyinkepreye and S. D. Iyeke
Reliability-Based Code Calibration in Civil Engineering: A Critical Review M. Abubakar, J. I. Aguwa, M. Abdullahi and S. Sadik
Behaviour of Coconut Shell Aggregate (CSA) Concrete at Elevated Temperatur
A. Ibrahim, M. J. Garba, A. S. J. Smith and B. Muhammad
3D and 4D Modelling and Printing as a Method of Design and Construction Coordination
J. D. Ademiluyi and A A Adedeji
Abstract: This study presents how 3D and 4D Model is beginning to change building: how they look, the way they function, the ways in which they are built. 3D and 4D Model is not a type o r a thing of software but a human activity that involves wide process changes in construction. 3D and 4D Model approaches hold significant potential for the construction industry. Nonetheless, they are far from becoming standard practice in Nigeria's const ruction industry. This paper reports this inadequacy by providing guiding principles on how to overcome the technical, procedural, and organizational issues confronted by projec teams as they undertake this new way of working. Specifically, the project defines different approaches f or assembling a project team to leverage these technologies, the modeling requirements for implementing 3D and 4D projects, the 3D and 4D modeling processes, the benefits and inadequacies of the process and technologies, the effect of these technologies on the project's outcome, and the lessons learned. This paper is intended for industry professionals to take interest in pursuing this type of innovative project delivery. This paper will also be of interest to researchers as it illustrates the limitations o f emerging 3D and 4D technologies in the Nigeria Construction Industry.
Keywords:: 3D Modeling 4D Model, 4D Modelinging, , BIMBIM technology, technology, project collaboration, project collaboration, construction
Assessment of Empirical Regression for Estimation of Shear Strength Parameters of Soils in the Niger Delta Region
E. O. Oyinkepreye and S. D. Iyeke
Abstract: Shear strength parameters are important in the determination of strength characteristics of soils. Most developed models are usually computer based or soil type dependent. This work seeks to develop a simple to apply model for soils in the Niger delta region of Nigeria. The preliminary identification tests as well as the compaction and shear strength tests were carried out in accordance with British standards Several functional models were used to test for the effectiveness of the applicability of the developed models. The results of these analysis revels that the coefficient of determination (R2) for the exponential, polynomial, linear, power and logarithmic models are 19.93%, 99.85%, 39.57%, 19.82%, 39% and 93.12%, 98.81%, 93.86%, 92.02%, 92.80% for the cohesion and angle of friction respectively. Also, the root mean square (RMSE) for the exponential, polynomial, linear, power and logarithmic developed models are 1059%, 47%, 938%, 1070%, 943% and 235%, 155%, 353%, 255%, 383% for cohesion and angle of friction respectively. The polynomial models having the highest R2 and the least RMSE for the shear strength parameters, can be adjudged has been the most suitable of the developed models in the study area.
Keywords: Cohesion, Angle of friction, soils, regression analysis, Niger Delta
Reliability-Based Code Calibration in Civil Engineering: A Critical Review
M. Abubakar, J. I. Aguwa, M. Abdullahi and S. Sadiku
Abstract: The use of new materials and the complexities in modern civil engineering infrastructures call for a systematic attempt to find accurate design solutions. It is clear that deterministic values are not reliable and that their use in the design of civil engineering structures can lead to instant failures. Thus, the use of the probability theory to determine the most reliable value of a parameter for the design of civil engineering structures is very relevant. This work is intended to review the literature on the application of probability theory in the calibration of civil engineering design codes. Consequently, to better evaluate designs and design details, it is important to understand the techniques as highlighted herein.
Keywords: Code calibration, deterministic, probability of failure, reliability, uncertainty
Vol. 1, No. 2, 2020
Contents
Evaluation of Water Availability and Demand in the Sokoto Rima River Basin, Abioye Tunde, A. W. Salami A W and A. M. Ayanshola
Behaviour of Coconut Shell Aggregate (CSA) Concrete at Elevated Temperatur
A. Ibrahim, M. J. Garba, A. S. J. Smith and B. Muhammad
Evaluation of Water Availability and Demand in the Sokoto Rima River Basin
Abioye Tunde, A. W. Salami A W and A. M. Ayanshola
Abstract: This study evaluated the water availability and demand in the Sokoto Rima River Basin, North West Nigeria. The study was carried-out to ascertain the available water quantity in the basin as well as the expected water demand from all the sectors using water within the basin. In order to achieve this, relevant data were collected from Sokoto Rima River Basin Development Authority. Sokoto, Kebbi, Katsina and Zamfara States water resources Ministries were visited, where information related to dams and other water resources infrastructures were obtained. Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to establish correlation between the runoff and the discharge in the basin and annual flows were generated to be 1.233, 0.622, 2.101 and 0.601 m3/s for sub basins, and empirical formulae were used to obtain water demand in the basin area. It was observed that the total water available in the basin is 3.6 BCM annually. Population projection showed that the population of the whole basin, which was 16,039,674 persons in 2006, will rise to 35,917,063 persons in 2036. The estimated municipal, industrial, commercial and irrigation water demand were 445.28 MCM, 5.566 MCM, 44.528 MCM and 153 MCM in 2016 respectively. These figures were expected to rise in the nearest future. It was therefore, recommended among others that the basin water resources allocation should be planned and optimized using Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP)
Keywords: Sokoto – Rima, SWAT, water demand, runoff and WEAP
Behaviour of Coconut Shell Aggregate (CSA) Concrete at Elevated Temperature
A. Ibrahim, M. J. Garba, A. S. J. Smith and B. Muhammad
abbasibrahim64@gmail.com ; jamaamkr@gmail.com ; abutusmith@gmail.com ; engrbmuhammad@yahoo.com
Abstract: This paper attempts to study the mechanical behaviour of coconut shell aggregate (CSA) concrete subjected to elevated temperatures when coconut shell (CS) is used to replace coarse aggregate at 0, 10, 20 and 40% in concrete. The coconut shell used was obtained by breaking the shells into smaller sizes of less than 20mm after the fibres were removed. In order to produce control concrete samples with a minimum compressive strength of 15N/mm2 at 28 days curing age, mix ratio of 1:2:4 and water-cement ratio of 0.55 were adopted alongside Absolute Volume Method (AVM) to prepare the concrete mix proportions for this research. The specific gravity of the concrete materials were determined as well as the workability of the fresh coconut shell aggregate concrete at various replacement using slump tests. Compressive strength of 48 samples prepared at various CSA replacements using 100mm x 100mm x 100mm cube mould and cured for 28 days was determined after 30 minutes exposure to temperatures of 100, 300 and 500oC. Splitting tensile strength of 18 samples prepared at various CSA replacements using 200mm x 300mm cylinder mould and cured for 28 days was also determined after 30 minutes exposure to 500oC temperature. The results of this study showed that at 10% replacement and 500oC temperature, CSA concrete exhibits good behaviour in compressive strength and splitting tensile strength as it retained 67.3% and 53.7% of its strength respectively; as well as having a higher strength reduction coefficient (Kc( )) of 0.673 in compressive strength compared to the 0.60 allowed for siliceous aggregates in BS EN 1992-1-2 (2004). However, slump results showed that CSA concrete has a very low workability. So, CSA can be used up to 10% to 203 replace coarse aggregate in concrete to serve in non-load primary application areas.
Keywords: Coconut shell, compressive strength, concrete, elevated temperature, splitting tensile strength
Copyright © 2020, Department of Civil Engineering, Unilorin
Vol. 1, No. 2, 2019
Contents
Building Collapse in Nigeria (2009- 2019), Causes and Remedies – A Review 122; S. O. Odeyemi, Z. T. Giwa, and R. Abdulwahab
Performance of Concrete Made with Coconut Shell Ash (CSA) as Admixture in Acidic Environment 139; M. J. Garba, A. J. S. Smith and E. N. Ogork
Behaviour of Plastic Bottles Sandcrete Masonry as Reinforced Concrete Framed Infilled Panel Subjected toVertical and Lateral Loading 152; M. A. Tomori, and A. A. Adedeji
Suitability of Crushed Palm Kernel Shells for ConcreteProduction 171; A. S. J. Smith, M. J. Garba and T. A. Ibu
Suitability of Crushed Palm Kernel Shells for Concrete Production
A. S. J. Smith, M. J. Garba and T. A. Ibu
jamaamkr@gmail.com; thomasibu@yahoo.com
Abstract: The suitability of palm kernel shell as a partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete was researched to verify if concrete made with palm kernel shells meet some minimum standard prescribed for strength and density. Based on British standard classification of fine aggregate as aggregates passing the number 4 sieve of 4.75mm size or slightly higher sizes depending on local requirement, crushed palm kernel shells of particle diameter not greater than 5.0mm was used to replace river sand as fine aggregate in the following percentages: 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. For each mix proportion, three concrete cubes were cast and tested for compressive strength and density at 7, 14 and 28 days curing duration. The specific gravity of all the concrete ingredients were determined and used in preparing the concrete mix proportion. Sieve analysis of the different materials was also carried out in order to grade the fine aggregates used for the research as well as to determine their fineness modulus. The crushed palm kernel shell used was obtained by grinding palm kernel shells into fine sizes using grains’ grinding machine. Afterwards, it was sieved through 5mm sieve and use for the research. Mix ratio of 1:2:4 was adopted with water-cement ratio of 0.60. The results of the research showed that, eventhough there was significant reduction in the strength of the concrete as the quantity of crushed palm kernel shell (PKS) increases, crushed palm kernel shells can be used up to 10% to replace sand in lightweight concrete production as it produced a compressive strength of 27N/mm2 against the 30N/mm2 of the control.
Keywords: Palm Kernel Shell, Concrete, Compressive Strength, Density, Fineness Modulus.
Behaviour of Plastic Bottles Sandcrete Masonry as Reinforced Concrete Framed Infilled Panel Subjected to Vertical and Lateral Loading
M. A. Tomori, and A. A. Adedeji
aaadeji@unilorin.edu.ng
Abstract: Plastic bottle sandcrete masonry is a new innovation in building industry which can assist to obtain a social equity by avoiding the gap between the rich and the poor people housing in Nigeria. This study aims to determine the performance of plastic (PET) bottle sandcrete masonry in five-storey building due to vertical and lateral loading. Three scenarios of reinforced concrete frames were employed to achieve the serviceability of the structure. The scenarios were; bare frame, full infilled and soft storey, which are likewise compare with the conventional hollow sandcrete block. Experimental data from literature were used for the modelling and analysis. Numerical modelling was done by Equivalent strut method design by Federal Emergency Management Agency and ETABS software package was used for the analysis of the modelled frame structure. From this study, it was observed that maximum deflection values for bare frame differs greatly from that of frame with full infilled. The maximum displacement values for fourth storey gotten for bare frame, full infilled (pet), full infilled (hollow), soft storey (pet) and soft storey (hollow) were 8.29mm, 0.737mm, 1.058mm, 1.916mm and 2.19mm respectively. A closer value were gotten when compared with Equivalent strut methods. Conclusively, PET plastic bottle produced a lesser displacement than the conventional hollow sandcrete block It is thereby recommended for its adoption as a construction material for load and non-load bearing wall.
Keywords: Polyethylene terephthalate, compressive strength, framed structured, Masonry infill walls, reliability, Equivalent strut method
Performance of Concrete Made with Coconut Shell Ash (CSA) as an Admixture in Acidic Environment
M. J. Garba, A. S. J. Smith and E. N. Ogork
jamaamkr@gmail.com; 2 abutusmith@gmail.com; egbenguogork@yahoo.com
Abstract:This paper presents the findings of an investigation on the use of coconut shell ash (CSA) as admixture in concrete and its effect on durability performance. The CSA used was obtained by controlled burning of coconut shell in an incinerator to a temperature of 600–650ºC for 3 hours, air cooled, sieved through 75μm sieve and characterized by using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) analytical method. The compressive and splitting tensile strengths of concrete were investigated at varying CSA additions of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% respectively by weight of cement. A total of one hundred and forty-four of 100mm diameter by 200mm long cylinder CSA-concrete of 1:2:4 concrete mix and water-cement ratio of 0.55 were tested for compressive and splitting tensile strengths at 3, 7, 28 and 56 days of curing in accordance with standard procedures. Eighteen number 100mm cubes were tested for water absorption after curing for 28 days in water. The resistance of concrete specimen exposed to attack from 2.5% concentration of hydrochloric acid solution was investigated. The result of the investigations showed that CSA is of high silicon dioxide (37.97%), aluminum oxide (22.12%), magnesium oxide (16.2%), iron oxide (15.48%) and calcium oxide (4.98%). The inclusion of CSA in concrete increased compressive and splitting tensile strengths respectively. CSA addition in concrete slightly increased water absorption. The use of CSA improved the resistance of concrete exposed to acidic environment. Therefore, up to 2% addition of CSA is recommended for use as admixture in concrete to improve strength, and durability in acidic environment.
Keywords: Concrete; compressive strength, coconut shell ash, hydrochloric acid, durability
Building Collapse in Nigeria (2009- 2019), Causes and Remedies – A Review
S. O. Odeyemi, Z. T. Giwa, and R. Abdulwahab
Abstract: There has been incessant collapse of buildings in Nigeria which has led to the loss of many lives. Many of these incidences were not analyzed based on their frequencies per year, height of the structures, causes of collapse and geopolitical zones of occurrence. Therefore, this study investigated the number of collapsed buildings in Nigeria from 2009 to 2019, based on the factors highlighted above. Published journal articles, conference proceedings, academic reports and newspapers were reviewed to obtain the data used for the analysis. The results show that the leading causes of building collapse within the period are structural defects. The highest rate of collapse occurred in 2014 while 2016 has the highest number of lives lost. It was also noted that the rate of collapse is predominant in the south west which recorded 34 collapses (60.71% of the total collapse during the years under review) and 132 lives lost (64.08% of total lives lost during the period under review). It was recommended that the SON (Standard Organization of Nigeria) should ensure that only certified building materials are allowed in the market, soil tests, Environmental Impact Analysis and structural analysis should be mandatory and proper supervision of construction works by competent professionals should be ensured.
Keywords: Building collapse, structural defect, south west, substandard materials