USEP: Journal of Science and Engineering Production
Building Collapse in Nigeria (2009- 2019), Causes and
Remedies – A Review 122; S. O. Odeyemi, Z. T. Giwa, and R. Abdulwahab
Performance of Concrete Made with Coconut Shell Ash
(CSA) as Admixture in Acidic Environment 139; M. J. Garba, A. J. S. Smith and E. N. Ogork
Behaviour of Plastic Bottles Sandcrete Masonry as
Reinforced Concrete Framed Infilled Panel Subjected to
Vertical and Lateral Loading 152; M. A. Tomori, and A. A. Adedeji
Suitability of Crushed Palm Kernel Shells for Concrete
Production 171; A. S. J. Smith, M. J. Garba and T. A. Ibu
Copyright © 2019, Department of Civil Engineering, Unilorin
A. S. J. Smith, M. J. Garba and T. A. Ibu
jamaamkr@gmail.com; thomasibu@yahoo.com
Abstract: The suitability of palm kernel shell as a partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete was researched to verify if concrete made with palm kernel shells meet some minimum standard prescribed for strength and density. Based on British standard classification of fine aggregate as aggregates passing the number 4 sieve of 4.75mm size or slightly higher sizes depending on local requirement, crushed palm kernel shells of particle diameter not greater than 5.0mm was used to replace river sand as fine aggregate in the following percentages: 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. For each mix proportion, three concrete cubes were cast and tested for compressive strength and density at 7, 14 and 28 days curing duration. The specific gravity of all the concrete ingredients were determined and used in preparing the concrete mix proportion. Sieve analysis of the different materials was also carried out in order to grade the fine aggregates used for the research as well as to determine their fineness modulus. The crushed palm kernel shell used was obtained by grinding palm kernel shells into fine sizes using grains’ grinding machine. Afterwards, it was sieved through 5mm sieve and use for the research. Mix ratio of 1:2:4 was adopted with water-cement ratio of 0.60. The results of the research showed that, eventhough there was significant reduction in the strength of the concrete as the quantity of crushed palm kernel shell (PKS) increases, crushed palm kernel shells can be used up to 10% to replace sand in lightweight concrete production as it produced a compressive strength of 27N/mm2 against the 30N/mm2 of the control.
Keywords: Palm Kernel Shell, Concrete, Compressive Strength, Density, Fineness Modulus.
M. A. Tomori, and A. A. Adedeji
aaadeji@unilorin.edu.ng.com
Abstract: Plastic bottle sandcrete masonry is a new innovation in building industry which can assist to obtain a social equity by avoiding the gap between the rich and the poor people housing in Nigeria. This study aims to determine the performance of plastic (PET) bottle sandcrete masonry in five-storey building due to vertical and lateral loading. Three scenarios of reinforced concrete frames were employed to achieve the serviceability of the structure. The scenarios were; bare frame, full infilled and soft storey, which are likewise compare with the conventional hollow sandcrete block. Experimental data from literature were used for the modelling and analysis. Numerical modelling was done by Equivalent strut method design by Federal Emergency Management Agency and ETABS software package was used for the analysis of the modelled frame structure. From this study, it was observed that maximum deflection values for bare frame differs greatly from that of frame with full infilled. The maximum displacement values for fourth storey gotten for bare frame, full infilled (pet), full infilled (hollow), soft storey (pet) and soft storey (hollow) were 8.29mm, 0.737mm, 1.058mm, 1.916mm and 2.19mm respectively. A closer value were gotten when compared with Equivalent strut methods. Conclusively, PET plastic bottle produced a lesser displacement than the conventional hollow sandcrete block It is thereby recommended for its adoption as a construction material for load and non-load bearing wall.
Keywords: Polyethylene terephthalate, compressive strength, framed structured, Masonry infill walls, reliability, Equivalent strut method
M. J. Garba, A. S. J. Smith and E. N. Ogork
jamaamkr@gmail.com; 2 abutusmith@gmail.com; egbenguogork@yahoo.com
Abstract:This paper presents the findings of an investigation on the use of coconut shell ash (CSA) as admixture in concrete and its effect on durability performance. The CSA used was obtained by controlled burning of coconut shell in an incinerator to a temperature of 600–650ºC for 3 hours, air cooled, sieved through 75μm sieve and characterized by using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) analytical method. The compressive and splitting tensile strengths of concrete were investigated at varying CSA additions of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% respectively by weight of cement. A total of one hundred and forty-four of 100mm diameter by 200mm long cylinder CSA-concrete of 1:2:4 concrete mix and water-cement ratio of 0.55 were tested for compressive and splitting tensile strengths at 3, 7, 28 and 56 days of curing in accordance with standard procedures. Eighteen number 100mm cubes were tested for water absorption after curing for 28 days in water. The resistance of concrete specimen exposed to attack from 2.5% concentration of hydrochloric acid solution was investigated. The result of the investigations showed that CSA is of high silicon dioxide (37.97%), aluminum oxide (22.12%), magnesium oxide (16.2%), iron oxide (15.48%) and calcium oxide (4.98%). The inclusion of CSA in concrete increased compressive and splitting tensile strengths respectively. CSA addition in concrete slightly increased water absorption. The use of CSA improved the resistance of concrete exposed to acidic environment. Therefore, up to 2% addition of CSA is recommended for use as admixture in concrete to improve strength, and durability in acidic environment.
Keywords: Concrete; compressive strength, coconut shell ash, hydrochloric acid, durability
S. O. Odeyemi, Z. T. Giwa, and R. Abdulwahab
Abstract: There has been incessant collapse of buildings in Nigeria which has led to the loss of many lives. Many of these incidences were not analyzed based on their frequencies per year, height of the structures, causes of collapse and geopolitical zones of occurrence. Therefore, this study investigated the number of collapsed buildings in Nigeria from 2009 to 2019, based on the factors highlighted above. Published journal articles, conference proceedings, academic reports and newspapers were reviewed to obtain the data used for the analysis. The results show that the leading causes of building collapse within the period are structural defects. The highest rate of collapse occurred in 2014 while 2016 has the highest number of lives lost. It was also noted that the rate of collapse is predominant in the south west which recorded 34 collapses (60.71% of the total collapse during the years under review) and 132 lives lost (64.08% of total lives lost during the period under review). It was recommended that the SON (Standard Organization of Nigeria) should ensure that only certified building materials are allowed in the market, soil tests, Environmental Impact Analysis and structural analysis should be mandatory and proper supervision of construction works by competent professionals should be ensured.
Keywords: Building collapse, structural defect, south west, substandard materials
T. S. Ketkukah and A. M. Mukaddas
Abstract: This paper reports an experimental investigation on the compressive strength, flexural strength, permeability and water absorption of waste glass mortar. The mix proportion used was 1:3 with a water to cement ratio of 0.48 and batching done by weight. Waste glass was used as a partial replacement for fine aggregates by 0%, 10% and 20% contents. The 0% replacement served as control. The properties of the fine aggregates and waste grass were determined and found to be adequate for use as fine aggregates. The 28 days compressive strengths of the mortar were 16.53 N/mm2, 17.93 N/mm2 and 16.53 N/mm2 for 0%, 10% and 20% respectively. The partial replacement using 10% waste glass gave higher strength than 20% replacement. The compressive strength of 10% waste glass mortar increased by 8.5% at 28 days curing period. The increase was attributed to the pozzolanic activity of waste glass. The 28th days flexural Strengths were 2.047 N/mm2, 1.83 N/mm2 and 1.43 N/mm2 for 0%, 10% and 20% respectively. This shows that the 28th days flexural Strengths decreased with percentage decrease of 10.6% and 30.14% for 10% and 20% waste glass content respectively. The permeability of the cubes were 4.55 x10 1cm/sec and 14.50x10 1 cm/sec for waste glass and normal mortars respectively. Permeability of waste glass concrete was seen to be lower than that of the control sample. The same trend was observed for the water absorption capacity. Waste glass mortar is anticipated the give better durability than conventional mortar. It is concluded that 10% replacement of sand with waste glass is adequate for production of waste glass mortar.
Keywords: Waste glass, chippings, aggregates, mortar, strength.
A. O. Ibrahim and S. A. Raji
ibnibrohim88@gmail.com; drsaraji@yahoo.com
Abstract: This work has investigated the potential use of waste glass at 100 percent replacement for the coarse aggregates by volume for M-25 mix. The concrete specimens were tested using Universal Testing Machine of capacity 50kN for compressive strength, at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of age and the results obtained were compared with those of normal concrete. The average percentage difference in compressive strength was obtained to be 76.01%. The results concluded the permissibility of using waste glass as replacement for coarse aggregate in architectural concrete for aesthetics purpose.
Keywords: Universal testing machine, waste glass, recycling, compressive strength, Architectural concrete, coarse aggregate
J. K. Oyeleke and A. A. Adedeji
boltsengine@gmail.com; gaiadeji@gmail.com
Abstract: This research aims to Modelling and Simulation of a 4 storey Cold-formed Steel (CSC)Frame Building with Straw-bale Infill Panel under Seismic Loading using ETABS 2016.The objectives were to: (i) model a 4 storey CSC frame symmetric building with strawbale infill panel; (ii) perform simulation on model and analysis of the CSC frame building with strawbale infill panel; (iii) determine the building response to seismic loadings using Response Spectrum Analysis (RSA) and Time History (TH) data; and (iv) compare the building response of the two methods to the model of conventional (CV) frame building with sandcrete block masonry infill panel. Modelling and simulation of the CSC frame building with strawbale infill panels was done and subjected to seismic load using RSA and 5 TH data. The findings of the study were that: the CSC frame building with infill panel offered an appreciable amount of resistance to external forces; response of building model under RSA revealed that maximum displacement occurred at the top of the building while the maximum drift occurred on the first storey with values of 127.85 mm and 0.016 respectively; and TH analysis showed that the maximum displacement occurred at the roof level for all five earthquake data used, with Petrolia earthquake data having the highest displacement value of 50.35 mm, and a maximum storey drift value of 0.0068; safety verification of building response in accordance with Eurocode 8 revealed that the CSC frame building with straw-bale infill panel under the RSA and TH earthquakes data were safe; and in comparison, CSC frame building with straw-bale infill panel under seismic load has a lower storey drift value of 0.0068 compared to CV frame building with drift value of 0.00912. The study concluded that the maximum displacement and drift of CSC frame building with strawbale infill panel under seismic load occurred along the longitudinal axis of the building. The study recommended that CSC building with straw bale infill panel be incorporated in the standards, as this composition is more stable under earthquake than CV frame building.
Keywords: Cold-formed steel, straw-bale, infill panels, time history wnalysis
Mutiu A. Akinpelu, A. A. Adedeji, Bilyamin A. Ibitoye
mutiu.akinpelu@kwasu.edu.ng: bilyamin.ibitoye@kwasu.edu.ng; aaadeji@unilorin.edu.ng
Abstract: Research findings have shown that the complex behaviour of reinforced concrete deep beam cannot be captured by elastic damage models or elastic-plastic constitutive laws alone. Combination of these two constitutive models can adequately predict the failure mode of reinforced concrete structures through numerical simulation. Hence, concrete damage plasticity model as integrated in Abaqus finite element modelling tool was utilized to evaluate the failure mode of reinforced concrete deep beams. Four reinforced concrete deep beams having the same geometrical dimensions, tensile and compression reinforcements but different web reinforcement distributions were modelled and analysed under 4-points loadings. Numerical results revealed that the evolution of flexural and diagonal cracks in deep beams is controlled by principal tensile stresses. Also, the depth of neutral axis at ultimate load varies between 0.28 and 0.3 of the effective depth of the beams and its less dependent on the web reinforcement distributions.
Keywords: Deep beam; concrete damage plasticity; failure Mode.
*Wilson, Uwemedimo Nyong, Adedeji Adeola A., Afolayan Jacob O.
and Alomaja Jonathan A..
*unwilson@nda.edu.ng, aadeolladaji@yahoo.com
Abstract: The continuous rise in the cost of steel and concrete as building construction materials in the developing countries paves way for the utilization of timber as an alternative and affordable construction material for the populace. The study carried out on the Nigerian grown African birch (Anogeissus leiocarpus) timber commonly known as „the chew-stick tree‟, and locally called „Ayin‟ .It is a relatively termite-resistant timber due to its possession of anti-feedants such as tannin and resin. Experimental investigations were carried out to determine the compressive and bending stress using standard small clear specimens as specified by BS 373 of 1957. Experimental results on the physical properties carried out shows that the Nigerian-grown African birch (Anogeissus leiocarpus) has a specific gravity of 1.15 and a density of 0.99g/cm3 at a moisture content of 15.12%. This research established that the timber can withstand and sustain mean compressive and bending stresses with negligible deflection. The study also revealed that the African birch timber is an elastic material with a poisson ratio of 0.16. The Nigerian-grown African birch (Anogeissus leiocarpus) timber was found to have a basic compressive strength parallel to grain of 16.25N/mm2 and a basic bending Strength parallel to grain of 9.84N/mm2.
Keywords: African birch, density, moisture content, basic bending strength, basic compressive strength,.
Damilola.O Oyejobi, Sabur.A Raji and Ibrahim. O Adam
oyejobi.do@unilorin.edu.ng; saraji12000@gmail.com; adamsibrahim1m@gmail.com
Abstract: Efficient management of agricultural waste product is a serious environmental issue. One of such byproducts is rice husk, which was harvested, pre-treated and incinerated at a controlled temperature of 600˚C for 4 hours. This procedure resulted in production of rice husk ash (RHA) containing 90% reactive amorphous silica. This research was aimed at investigating the fresh and hardened characteristics of mortar incorporated with RHA as blended cement. RHA was inter-ground at 10 - 40% with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) to form a homogenous mix, which was used as binder in the standard mortar mix of 1:2.75 and 1:2.36 respectively. The fresh densities of the mix ratio at various percentages of 10 - 40% were examined and compared with the density of control mix. Subsequently, compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting tensile and water absorption tests were carried out for the mix ratio. It was deduced that increase in the RHA decreased the fresh density, and the highest compressive strength was achieved at the 20% of RHA in the blended mortar among all the level of replacements. This class of replacement is therefore recommended for light-weight construction which has potential to provide a cleaner and sustainable environment solution for solid waste management.
Keywords:: Blended cement, Ordinary Portland cement, strength, mortar and rice husk ash
Y. A. Shuaib-Babata, I. O. Ambali, H. K. Ibrahim, K. S.Ajao, K. S.; Z. U. Elakhame, N. I. Aremu, and O. M. Odeniyi
Correspondence Author email: Sylbabata@unilorin.edu.ng
Abstract: Adequate information about the properties of most available clay materials in Nigeria is necessary to enhance their industrial applications. Availability of this information will adversely reduce importation of refractory materials and its products into the country, since the mineral resources are abundantly available in the country. This study evaluated the chemical and physico-mechanical properties of some selected clay deposits across the three districts of Asa Local Government Area (LGA) of Kwara State to ascertain their suitability for refractory and other industrial applications. The results revealed that the clay samples were mainly alumina-silica based with silica and alumina concentrations of 47.30 – 58.50% and 32.75 – 34.30% respectively. The physico-mechanical properties exhibited by the clay samples included: clay content (33.80-72.20%), linear shrinkage (6.10-9.80%), moisture content (21.00-33.00%), bulk density (1.99 - 2.87 g/cm3), apparent porosity (21.00-37.00%), permeability (73-94), compressive strength (213-840 N/mm2), thermal shock resistance (+29 cycles), specific gravity (2.18-2.52) and refractoriness (>1300oC). The properties were within the required standard values which make the clays suitable for insulating materials, refractories for low-medium thermal applications and manufacturing of ceramics. Though, Afon, Bakase and Ballah clay samples may require the addition of organic matter to enhance the clays’ suitability for applications that may require a higher value of porosity and permeability and low density. Effective utilization of Asa L.G.A. clays will help to domesticate the production of refractory products and enhance the establishment of Small and Medium Scale Foundry Enterprises in Nigeria in addressing the problem of unemployment.
Keywords: Alumino-silicate, Minerals deposits, Performance, Foundry and Casting
S. O. Odeyemi, Z. T. Giwa, and R. Abdulwahab
Corresponding Author: +2348054147596
Abstract: There has been incessant collapse of buildings in Nigeria which has led to the loss of many lives. Many of these incidences were not analyzed based on their frequencies per year, height of the structures, causes of collapse and geopolitical zones of occurrence. Therefore, this study investigated the number of collapsed buildings in Nigeria from 2009 to 2019, based on the factors highlighted above. Published journal articles, conference proceedings, academic reports and newspapers were reviewed to obtain the data used for the analysis. The results show that the leading causes of building collapse within the period are structural defects. The highest rate of collapse occurred in 2014 while 2016 has the highest number of lives lost. It was also noted that the rate of collapse is predominant in the south west which recorded 34 collapses (60.71% of the total collapse during the years under review) and 132 lives lost (64.08% of total lives lost during the period under review). It was recommended that the SON (Standard Organization of Nigeria) should ensure that only certified building materials are allowed in the market, soil tests, Environmental Impact Analysis and structural analysis should be mandatory and proper supervision of construction works by competent professionals should be ensured.
Keywords: Building collapse, structural defect, south west, substandard materials